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My ESA2 > CVS Embryology > Flashcards

CVS Embryology Flashcards

0
Q

What does cephalocaudal folding achieve?

A

Brings heart tube into the thoracic region

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1
Q

What does lateral folding achieve?

A

Creates the heart tube

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2
Q

What forms the primitive heart tube?

A

Fusion of the paired endocardial tubes in lateral folding

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3
Q

How is the heart tube suspended in the pericardial cavity?

A

By a fold of mesodermal tissue (dorsal mesocardium)

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4
Q

How is the transverse pericardial sinus formed?

A

Dorsal mesoderm (which primitively suspends the heart tube in the pericardial cavity) disappears creating the transverse pericardial sinus

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5
Q

How does the heart tube continue to elongate in an embryo?

A

Cells are added from the secondary heart field to it’s cranial end causing elongation

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6
Q

Why does looping occur?

A

Heart tube elongates within the pericardial sac which remains the same size so bending of the tube occurs

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7
Q

Around what day does looping occur?

A

Day 23- 28

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8
Q

In looping what happens to the cephalic and caudal portions of the heart tube?

A

Cephalic portion- moves ventrally, caudally and to the right

Caudal portion- moves dorsally, cranially and to the left

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9
Q

What is the outcome of looping?

A

It achieves putting the primordium of the right ventricle closest to the outflow tract
It achieves putting the primordium of the left ventricle closest to the inflow tract
It achieves putting the atrium dorsal to the bulbus cordis (inflow dorsal to outflow)

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10
Q

What are the five regions of the primitive heart tube?

A 
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus
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11
Q

After looping has occurred what allows the atrium to communicate with the ventricle?

A

Atrioventricular canal

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12
Q

What region of the primitive heart tube is first to receive venous blood?

A

The right and left horns of the sinus venosus (inflow tract)

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13
Q

What veins make up the sinus horns of the sinus venosus?

A

Vitelline vein
Umbilical vein
Common cardinal vein

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14
Q

Why does the entrance of the sinus venosus shift to the right?

A

Due to the presence of left to right shunts in the heart
Left sinus horn recedes and loses its importance
Right sinus horns enlarge greatl
(Right sinus horn which now forms the only communication between the original sinus venosus and atrium is incorporated into the RA to form the smooth wall- sinus venarum

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15
Q

What does obliteration of the left sinus horn result in?

A

Oblique vein of the left atrium and coronary sinus

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16
Q

What is septation?

A

Division of the primitive heart tube into 4 distinctive chambers and the division of the ventricular outflow tract into the pulmonary trunk and aorta

17
Q

What three septi form during septation?

A

Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
Conotruncal septum

18
Q

Where are endocardial cushions derived from?

A

Neural crest cells (which were found in the neuroectoderm and did not form the neural tube) that migrate into the primitive heart tube

19
Q

What is the importance of the endocardial cushion?

A

It develops in to the atrioventricular region and divides the developing heart into left and right channels

20
Q

How does atrial septation occur?

A

Septum primum grows downwards towards the fused endocardial cushions
Ostium primum is the hole present before the septum primum fuses with the endocardial cushions
Before the optimum primum closes a second hole the ostium secundum appears in the septum primum
Finally a second crescent shaped septum, the septum secundum grows. The hole in the septum secundum is known as the foramen ovale

21
Q

What is the derivative of the right atrium?

A

Most of the primitive atrium- muscular wall

Absorption of Sinus venosus - smooth wall

22
Q

Where does the right atrium receive venous drainage from?

A

Receives venous drainage from the body (vena cava) and heart (coronary sinus)

23
Q

What is the derivative of the left atrium?

A

Small portion of the primitive atrium- muscular wall

Absorption of proximal parts of pulmonary veins (4 branches)

24
Q

Where does the left atrium receive venous drainage from?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

25
Q

How does ventricular septation occur?

A

Septum has a muscular and membranous component

  • muscular portion forms most of the septum - grows upwards towards the fused endocardial tissues leaving a small gap = primary inter ventricular foramen
  • membranous portion of interventricular septum is formed by the connective tissue derived from the endocardial cushions to fill the gap
26
Q

How does septation of the out flow tract (conotruncal septum) occur?

A

Endocardial cushions also appear in the truncus arteriosus
As they grow towards one another they will twist around one another and form a spiral septum between aorta and pulmonary artery
***

27
Q

Are the lungs functional in fetal circulation?

A

No

28
Q

Where and how does the foetus receive oxygenated blood?

A

From the mother via the placenta and umbilical vein

29
Q

Where and how does the foetus get rid of deoxygenated blood?

A

Via the placenta and umbilical arteries to the mother

30
Q

What do foetuses have that allows them to bypass the non functional regions of their bodies?

A

Shunts

31
Q

What are the three main shunts in a foetus and what do they bypass?

A

Foramen ovale- bypasses the lungs (RA to LA)
Ductus arteriosus- bypasses the lungs (L to R ?)- ensures as little blood as possible goes to the non functioning lungs by shifting the last drabs from the pulmonary artery into the aorta for systemic circulation)
Ductus venosus- (bypasses the liver??)

32
Q

What is the remnant of the foramen ovale in an adult?

A

Fossa ovalis

33
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus in an adult?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

34
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus venosus?

A

Ligamentum venosum

35
Q

What is the remnant of the umbilical vein in an adult?

A

Ligamentum teres (hepatis)

36
Q

What is the structure of the early arteries in a foetus?

A

Bilaterally symmetrical system of of arched vessels (undergo extensive remodelling to create the major arteries leaving the heart)

37
Q

What two arches if the early arteries are involved in the formation of the great vessels and how?

A

4th arch

  • right- proximal part of R subclavian artery
  • left- arch of aorta

6th arch

  • right- R pulmonary artery
  • left-L pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus
38
Q

(Each aortic arch has a corresponding nerve) What nerve corresponds to the 6th arch?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

R T1 and T2) (L T4 and T5

39
Q

What two factors influence the course of the nerve on the L and R sides?

A

The caudal shift of the developing heart and expansion of the developing neck region
Need for a fetal shunt between the pulmonary trunk and aorta

40
Q

What is the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the L and R sides?

A

As the heart descends the nerve hooks around the 6th aortic arch and turns back on itself
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve becomes hooked around the shunt between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
***

41
Q

How is the oblique pericardial sinus formed?

A

Created as left atrium expands and absorbs pulmonary veins

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