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HSC1007 A&P > CVS Anatomy > Flashcards

CVS Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries carry __________ blood _______________ the heart

A

Arteries carry OXYGENATED blood AWAY FROM the heart

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2
Q

Veins carry ___________ blood ________________ the heart

A

Veins carry DEOXYGENATED blood TOWARDS the heart

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3
Q

Which artery is an exception and why?

A

Pulmonary artery
Carries DEOXYGENATED blood away from the heart

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4
Q

Which vein is an exception and why?

A

Pulmonary vein
Carries OXYGENATED blood toward the heart

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5
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
  • Equalizes temperature in the body
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6
Q

What is the heart?

A

4-chambered fibromuscular pump

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7
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Middle mediastinum

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8
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body
  3. Process
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9
Q

What is the first organ to develop in a fetus?

A

Heart
(develops during the 3rd week of intrauterine life)

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10
Q

What is located in the superior mediastinum?

A

Ascending aorta

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11
Q

What is located in the inferior mediastinum?

A

Main heart
Descending aorta

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12
Q

What do ligaments and fibrous structures do?

A

Ensures that the heart is anchored in place

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13
Q

What surrounds the heart?

A

Inner: Serous pericardium
Outer: Fibrous pericardium

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14
Q

Where are the ligaments that keep the heart anchored in place attached to?

A

Attached to the fibrous pericardium

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15
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A
  • Protects the heart
  • Anchors the heart (supportive)
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16
Q

Serous pericardium

A
  • Double layered: Parietal layer & Visceral layer (aka epicardium)
  • Lining epithelium: Mesothelium
  • Shock absorber
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17
Q

What does the pericardial cavity contain?

A

Contains fluid - cushions the heart (shock absorber)
Contains 15-50 mL of fluid

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18
Q

Which part of the heart is pain sensitive?

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Parietal Serous pericardium
  • Innervated by Phrenic nerve

E.g. if heart inflammed/irritated = patient will complain of pain

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19
Q

Epicardium

A
  • Visceral layer of serous pericardium
  • Attached to the surface of the heart (myocardium)
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20
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A
  • Rapidly developing pericardial effusion
  • Amount of pericardial fluid increases very fast (>50mL)
  • Compresses the heart = ↓ cardiac output + shock

E.g. heart weak (or maybe infection) = hole in heart = blood oozes into pericardial cavity = cardiac tamponade

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21
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

An ↑ in amount of pericardial fluid (any amount >50mL)

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22
Q

What is pericardiocentesis done and what is done?

A

Cardiac tamponade
Syringe is inserted into the pericardial cavity to remove some pericardial fluid

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23
Q

Where is the right atrium located in relation to the right ventricle?

A

Right atrium is located on the right side of right ventricle

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24
Q

Which part of the heart is hidden from view when viewed from the front (frontal)?

A

Left atrium

25
Q

What chambers form the sternocostal (anterior) surface?

A

Right atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Small part of the left atrium

26
Q

What is the part between the right and left ventricle called?

A

Interventricular sulcus

If anterior, Anterior interventricular sulcus
If posterior, Posterior interventricular sulcus

27
Q

What chambers form the diaphragmatic (inferior - behind) surface?

A

Left ventricle
Right ventricle

28
Q

What chambers form the posterior surface (base)

A

Right atrium
Left atrium

29
Q

What forms the apex?

A

Left ventricle

30
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located

A

Somewhere below the left atrium

31
Q

What does the superior vena cava transport?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from head and neck to the heart

32
Q

What does the inferior vena cava transport?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the heart

33
Q

Which chamber does the blood carried by the superior and inferior vena cava enter?

A

Right atrium

34
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

Crista terminalis separates the smooth area (where blood flows into) from the rough area (right auricle)

35
Q

What is the auricle?

A

Muscular part of atrium

36
Q

Which chambers receive blood and which chambers pump blood?

A

Receiving chambers: Atrium (inflow)
Pumping chambers: Ventricles (outflow)

37
Q

What is the function of the coronary sinus?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood produced by the HEART into the right atrium to be removed

38
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

A

Pumps blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs

39
Q

Where is the left atrium located?

A

Back of the heart (posterior)
L. atrium is the closest part of the heart to the oesophagus

40
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

A

All parts of the body
Therefore more muscular than R. ventricle

41
Q

Atrium (smooth or rough surfaces): outflow & inflow

A

Inflow: smooth
Outflow: generally rough (auricles because need to pump to ventricles)

42
Q

Ventricles (smooth or rough surfaces): outflow & inflow

A

Inflow: rough
Outflow: smooth (reduce friction)

43
Q

What is the function of cardiac valves?

A

Ensures unidirectional flow of blood; prevents backflow

44
Q

What causes the heart sound?

A

Blood has the tendency to hit against the mitral (bicuspid) valve
Causes “turbulence” which causes a sound (1st heart sound)

Semilunar valve closes after blood pumped into aorta
Blood hits the valve (trying to backflow but X)
Causes “turbulence” which causes a sound (2nd heart sound)

45
Q

Pathway of the cardiac conduction system

A
  1. Sinoatrial node (SA node) generates electrical impulse
  2. Electrical impulse flows through the internodal pathways to the atrialventricular node (AV node)
  3. Electrical impulse flows through His bundle
  4. His bundle branches into left bundle branch (LBB) and right bundle branch (RBB)
  5. LBB and RBB further branch out
  6. LBB branches into the Left Purkinje fibres (LPF)
46
Q

What do the nerves on the heart do (cardiac innervation)?

A

Modulate the conduction system only
Nerves on the heart can cause an increase/decrease in speed of heart rate

47
Q

What does the fibrous skeleton do?

A
  • Anchors the valves of the heart
  • Gives atttachment to the cardiac musculature above and below

The fibrous skeleton is fibrous and acts as an electrical insulator. Ensures the electrical impulse can only travel through the His bundle from the atrium to the ventricle

48
Q

Where does the blood supply of the heart come from?

A

Ascending aorta
- 2 branches of arteries from the ascending aorta

49
Q

What are the arteries that supply blood to the heart called?

A

Left coronary artery: Back/left of ascending aorta
Right coronary artery: Front of ascending aorta

50
Q

What does the left coronary artery divide into?

A

2 arteries
1. Circumflex branch
2. Anterior interventricular branch (supplies major muscular part of L. ventricle = if blocked = die = widow’s artery)

51
Q

What is angina pectoris and what is the cause?

A

Pain in the chest, neck, left upper limb
Caused by the partial blockage of arteries = ↓ blood flow = some parts of the heart X get enough O2

52
Q

What is myocardial infarction and what is the cause?

A

Basically a heart attack
Caused by a blocked artery = X blood flow = tissue death of parts of the heart

If happens gradually, there is a chance that some arteries that weren’t connected might interact = collateral arteries = provide alternate blood flow

53
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels
E.g. Formation of collateral arteries

54
Q

What do balloon angioplasty and stents do?

A

Open up the blocked arteries

Balloon angioplasty = possibility of obstruction happening again
Stent = more permanent

55
Q

What is a coronary artery bypass surgery?

A

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Uses a graft (blood vessel from elsewhere) and connects from the aorta, bypassing blocked artery to provide blood supply to part of the heart that was blocked

56
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscles (histology)?

A
  1. Striation
  2. Branching pattern (one cell connected to the other)
  3. Intercalated disc
57
Q

What is the purpose of intercalated discs?

A
  • Attaches one cardiac muscle to the neighbouring cardiac muscle
  • When electrical activity reaches on cardiac muscle = spreads to other cardiac muscles = contract together = electromechanical coupling
58
Q

What is the difference between skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles?

A

Cardiac muscles are striated BUT connected to each other (branching pattern)

Skeletal muscles are striated but separate

59
Q

What are the parts of an artery and vein?

A

Tunica externa (fibrous tissue)
Tunica media (muscle & elastic fibre = flexibility of vessel)
Tunica intima (very delicate; endothelial cells here)

HSC1007 A&P (8 decks)

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