CVS

Question 1

Auto regulation of heart

Answer 1

1 Frank Starling law

2 Rate induced regulation
Rate ~ force
 Ca 
  1)Increased Depolarisations
  2)Increased Ca current per depolarisation cumulatively due to                      less time

Question 2

Mechanisms of Frank Starling law

Answer 2

1. increased Stretch ~ Increased Interaction between myofilaments
2. Opens sensitive Ca receptors
3. CICR
4. increased Affinity of troponin C

Question 3

Causes for sinus arrhythmia

Answer 3

1 autonomic activity
2 stretch reflex
3 Bainbridge reflex (stretches RA so AVN gets stretched )
4 irradiation from inspiratory centre( to vasomotor centre)

Question 4

Immediate compensatory mechanisms for circulatory shock

Answer 4

1 Reflex activation eg, baroreflex, chemoreflex to contract vessels
2 circulatory fluid shift from interstitium
3 hormonal mechanisms
4 reverse stretch relaxation (vessels contract)
5 CNS mediated

Question 5

Mechanisms of edema in heart failure

Answer 5

Via RAAS activation Water reabsorption
Via sympathetic GFR
Via stagnation Venous pressure

Question 6

CPR used in

Answer 6

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is used in cardiopulmonary shock

Question 7

Variation of cardiac index with age

Answer 7

3.7 till 8

From 8 to 10 increase rapidly to more than 4 then decreases slowly to 2 at 70

Question 8

Prominent a wave

Answer 8

1. Pulmonary hypertension
2. Pulmonary stenosis
3. Tricuspid stenosis
4. Myxoma of RA
5. Atrial septal defect
6. Cardiomyopathy

Question 9

Canon wave

Answer 9

Giant a wave
RA beats against a closed tricuspid valve
1. Complete heart block
2. Nodal rhythm ( RA and RV contract simultaneously)

Question 10

Absent a wave

Prominent v wave

Answer 10

Atrial flutter

Tricuspid regurgitation

Question 11

Hepatomegaly and right heart failure

Answer 11

Due to hepatic congestion

Tender hepatomegaly is a feature of right heart failure