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ESA 2 > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

How does ultrasound work?

A

A PIEZOELECTRIC crystal expands when a voltage is placed on it. It contracts when this is removed so if a rapid voltage is added and removed it creates high frequency waves. This also works in reverse and it can create voltage when it expands or contracts

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2
Q

The rate of diffusion depends on three things?

A

1, Area (Capillary density- more metabolically active tissue has more capillaries)
2, Restistance of material
3, Concentration gradient (rate of metabolism and rate of flow)

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3
Q

What 3 organs have high blood flow?

A

Brain,
Heart,
Kidney

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4
Q

What is the normal blood flow? Units?

A

5Litres per minute

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5
Q

What is total blood flow during exercise?

A

25 litres per minute

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6
Q

Name the layers to the cardiac wall? ( 6 layers/parts)

A
  1. Fibrous Layer
  2. Parietal pericardium
    3 –Pericardial cavity–
  3. Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
  4. Myocardium
  5. Endocardium
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7
Q

Where is the transverse pericardium sinus?

A

The space (use finger) behind the aorta and pulmonary artery

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8
Q

Where is the oblique pericardium sinus?

A

Behind the heart

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9
Q

What are the 7 coronary arteries? Draw out if needs be

A

Right Coronary artery
Right marginal artery
Right posterior descending artery (Posterior interventricular artery)
Left Coronary artery
Left Anterior Descending artery (anterior interventricular artery)
Left marginal artery
Left circumflex artery

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10
Q

Where do the cardiac veins drain into?

A

Coronary sinus and then the right atrium

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11
Q

Name the 5 tributaries of the coronary sinus? 2 anteriorly and 3 posteriorly

A
  1. Small cardiac vein (RMA)
  2. Great cardiac vein (LAD)
  3. Left marginal vein
  4. Left posterior ventricular vein
  5. Middle cardiac vein
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12
Q

What is haemocrit

A

Ratio of RBCs to blood volume

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13
Q

Composition of blood?

A

55% plasma, 44% RBCs 1% WBCs

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14
Q

Whats the difference between serum and plasma?

A

Serum = plasma + clotting factors

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15
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Increase in RBCs

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16
Q

What affects viscosity?

A

Acute phase proteins in inflammation can increase viscosity slightly

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17
Q

What are the two types of flow?

A

Laminar and Turbulent

18
Q

Name 4 ways you get turbulant flow?

A
  1. Flow rate is too great
  2. Passes and obstruction
  3. Sharp turn
  4. Rough surface
  5. Increased resistance
19
Q

Whats the diacrotic notch?

A

Aortic valve closure cause a slight dip in the aortic pressure tracing -

20
Q

What does the area under aortic pressure = ? (hint axis is pressure and time)

A

Mean arterial pressure

21
Q

Pulse pressure?

A

Systolic BP - Diastolic BP. E.g. 120 - 80= 40mmHg

22
Q

Mean arterial pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 PP

23
Q
  1. What happens to BP if someone takes a hot bath, exercise, pregnancy? 2. What happens to pulse pressure?
A
  1. Low peripheral resistance caused by vasodilation lowers the diastolic pressure
  2. Pulse pressure increases
24
Q

What is pericardiocentesis

A

A procedure to remove blood or fluid from the pericardial sac

25
Q

The coronary arteries are referred to as end arteries. What are
end arteries?

A

Coronary arteries have very few arterial anastomoses.
Therefore a particular branch of a coronary artery will supply
a discrete region of the heart with little overlap from other
vessels.

26
Q

Which heart sound is made by closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves? S1, S2, S3?

A

S2
The S1 sound results from closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
Ventricular filling normally silent. However, a third heart sound (S3) is sometimes present. The S3 heart sound is normal in children but can be sign of pathology in adults

27
Q

At the end of phase 1 of the cardiac cycle (atrial contraction), the ventricles contain their maximal volume. What term is used to describe this volume?

A

The end diastolic volume.

28
Q

Which is the correct state of the valves during phase 2 of the cardiac cycle (Isovolumetric contraction)?

A

Aortic and Pulmonary closed

29
Q

Which type of anaemia can result from aortic valve stenosis?

A

Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia. Shear stress on red blood cells passing through a stenotic valve damages the cells. These are removed by the spleen and anaemia may develop

30
Q

Almost all (>99%) cases of mitral valve stenosis are caused by rheumatic fever (TRUE or FALSE)?

A

True

31
Q

Would aortic valve regurgitation increase or decrease stroke volume?

A

Increase. Back flow of blood would mean there’s more blood in the ventricles

32
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

excessive thirst

33
Q

Which condition could result from mitral valve stenosis?

A

Dysphagia ( difficulty swallowing) due to dilation of atrium pressing on oesophagus

34
Q

What is Dystonia?

A

sustained or repetitive muscle contractions

35
Q

How long is a myocardiac AP?

A

280ms or 0.28s

36
Q

Does the heart pump both circulations at the same pressure?

A

No but at the same volume

37
Q

Name the seven phase of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Atrial contraction
  2. Isovolumetric contraction
  3. Rapid ejection
  4. Reduced ejection
  5. Isovolumetric relaxation
  6. Rapid filling
  7. Reduced filling
38
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle are systolic?

A

2, Isovolumetric contraction
3, Repid ejection
4, Reduced ejection

39
Q

Aortic stenosis causes… (2)?

Symptoms (2)?

A

1) Increase in LV pressure leading to heart failure and hypertrophy (symptoms angina and syncopy)
2) Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (tiredness)

40
Q

Name one thing that can increase contractility?

What does it do to the frank-sterling curve?

A

Adrenaline

Shifts it to the left

41
Q

What proportion of the ventricular filling occurs during the first
100 ms of diastole and what drives this filling?

A

2/3

driven by pressure gradient

ESA 2 (7 decks)

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