cvs

Question 1

% oxygentated blood that goes from mother to baby via umbilical vein

Answer 1

80%

Question 2

clinical features of carcinoid syndrome

Answer 2

flushing diarrhea, cramps, n+v cough, wheezing, dyspnoea nodular liver owing to hepatic mets

Question 3

four sites of baroreceptors

Answer 3

carotid sinus / aortic arch r atrium l atrium

Question 4

6 x circulating hormones that cause vasodilation

Answer 4

adrenaline only in skeletal muscle / liver cgrp-alpha substance P histamine anp vip

Question 5

ecg changes in hypokalemia

Answer 5

usually none, otherwise,

peaking p wave,

q-t not prolonged although u waves are mistaken as a lengthening of the t wave

flattening of t waves

Question 6

serotonin found where

Answer 6

platetels chromaffin tissue in gut tissue in brain retina

Question 7

4 x vasoactive substances released in carcinoid syndrome

Answer 7

serotonin bradykining and kallikreins prostaglandin histamine

Question 8

atrial flutter ecg patter

Answer 8

sawtooth pattern, 200-350/min ventricular rate slowed by carotid pressure

Question 9

function of atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 9

protein in atrial muscle that naturally wants to get rid of water

Question 10

serotonin derived from?

Answer 10

trytophan

Question 11

two effects of histamine

Answer 11

dilates arteriorles increases vascular permeability

Question 13

what is wpw syndrome?

Answer 13

additional aberrant muscular or nodal tissue connection, bundle of kent b/w atrai and ventricles

conducts more rapidlythan the slowly conducting AV node

Question 14

4x features of congenital ventricular septal defect

Answer 14

pansystolic mummr increased pulmonary blood flow possibley late rvf poissibly late pulmonary hypertension

Question 15

3 x stimulates for anp release

Answer 15

increase cvp, hr or immersion of body in water

Question 16

4x ecg manifestations of WPW

Answer 16

short pr wide, slurred qrs normal pj interval paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

Question 17

thromboxane a2 function

Answer 17

promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstrictions - forms plug

Question 18

6 x circulating hormones that cause vasoconstriction

Answer 18

adrenaline - except in skeletal muscle / liver na ang II na/k atpase inhibitor avp neuropeptide

Question 19

serotonin functions x5

Answer 19

constriction of some vessels contraction of the ileum potentiates NA involved in vasospasm a/w migraine central neurotransmitter

Question 20

@ birth, x3 things close

Answer 20

umbilical vein is cut, ductus venosus fetal lung expands, closure of foramen ovale aortic pressure increases, closure of ductus arteriosus

Question 21

thromboxane a2 produced by?

Answer 21

common precursor arachnidonic acid via cox pathway

Question 22

2 x types of kinins

Answer 22

bradykinin and lysylbradykinin

Question 23

PGI2 prostacyclin produced by?

Answer 23

produced by endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vessels

Question 24

kinins effects x4

Answer 24

increase capillary permeability chemotactic for leukocytes relaxtion of vascular smoothe muscle through NO contraction of visceral smooth muscle

Question 25

prostacyclin PGI2 effects?

Answer 25

inhibits platelet aggregation and promotes vasodilation thus increasing flow

Question 26

ecg changes in hyperkalemia

Answer 26

small p wave prolonged pr interval widening of qrs complex peak t wave in precordial leads vf