CVS 2 - Ischaemic heart disease Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic Arterial disease

A

Stable Angina

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2
Q

Acute coronary syndromes

A

• Unstable Angina
Non ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
• ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI)

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3
Q

Ischaemic heart disease

A

Ischaemic heart disease – reduced blood flow to region of heart Angina = resulting symptoms

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4
Q

Stable angina (Angina pectoris)

A

• Partial vessel block
• Exertion → O2 demand exceeds O2 supply because of
reduced blood flow →chest pain, radiating to arm & jaw. Pain resolves on rest. Transient ischaemia – no heart cell death

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5
Q

Unstable angina

A
  • plaque ruptures →platelet aggregation →thrombus →blood vessel blocked further →pain even at rest.
  • If thrombus lysed – recover blood supply
  • No cardiac tissue damage
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6
Q

myocardial infarction

A

• NSTEMI – coronary artery still not fully blocked so some
tissue perfusion remains, relatively small area of tissue death
• STEMI – complete occlusion leading to a large area of tissue death

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7
Q

What reflects heart damage

A

elevated ST levels

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8
Q

Ischaemic heart disease Therapeutic goals: Stable Angina, NSTEMI, STEMI

A

Stable Angina
• Improve coronary blood flow
• Reduce cardiac oxygen demand

Unstable Angina/NSTEMI
• Prevent further thrombus formation and progression to STEMI
• Symptomatic relief

STEMI
• Re-establish perfusion
• Symptomatic relief

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9
Q

Stable angina : organic Nitrates

A

• NO - 1987: “EDRF* is NO”
• Organic nitrates produce NO
– arterial dilation (↓ resistance, ↓ workload)
– Venous dilation (major therapeutic effect) →↓ venous
return, ↓preload) → ↑ blood supply to heart, which
mostly occurs during diastole
– treat symptoms not cause

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10
Q

how do nitrates work

A

nitrates work by primarily venus dilation and improving blood supply to heart

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11
Q

Stable angina organic Nitrates: indications, pk, adr, caution, contraindication, interaction

A

• Indications
– angina, left ventricular failure
• PK
– Glycerol trinitrate
» usually preferred treatment for acute angina – fast onset
» extensive first pass metabolism & t1/2 ~ 5 min. To avoid:
– Sublingual (often used for acute attacks)
– Buccal (slow absorption formulation)
– Transdermal (slow absorption formulation)
– i.v.
– Isosorbide mononitrate
» slower onset
» Low first pass metabolism » t1/2 ~ 5h
– Isosorbide dinitrate
» Extensive first pass metabolism to mononitrate (active)
• ADR
– related to vasodilation→hypotension » dizzines, headache, flushing
– Tolerance
» Avoid with “Nitrate low” period
» once daily admin (levels fall overnight) or remove patch
• Drug interactions
– Drugs causing hypotensive effect (numerous examples including diuretics, drugs
affecting cardiac output, other drugs causing vasodilation), see diagram
– PDE inhibitors see diagram
– nitrates can increase excretion of heparin. Not understood!
• Caution
– avoid during pregnancy (affects placental blood flow)
• Contraindications
– hypotension
– hypovolemia
– hypersensitivity to nitrates

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12
Q

Pharmacodynamic interactions of drugs affecting b.p.

A
– Hypotension
B antagonists 
Nitrates
Diuretics
ACE inhibitors 
Ca2+ antagonists (CCB’s)
α2 agonists
α2 antagonists
Ang II receptor blocker

Combined effects augment ↓ b.p. (often called “additive effects”)

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13
Q

Pharmacodynamic interaction between glycerol trinitrate and sildenafil

A

Both drugs produce vasodilation and hence potential significant ↓ b.p.

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14
Q

Stable Angina: b adrenergic antagonists - Mechanism , drugs and indication

A

• Mechanism
– ↓rate & force of heart contraction & b.p : “negative chronotropic & inotropic effects”.
– Reduces myocardial oxygen demand
– Some drugs also cause vasodilation-
» β2 partial agonists (some peripheral vasculature)
» α1 antagonist

Don’t get confused with β1 adrenoceptor in cardiac muscle which promotes contraction (also through cAMP)

• Drugs
– atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol:
» relatively β1 selective antagonists -“cardioselective” –useful in patients where important to avoid β2 antagonism see diagram
– propanolol
» β1 & β2 - “non-selective” – sotalol
» non β selective and also inhibits K+ channels (useful in arrhythmia) – acebutolol, pindolol see diagram
» partial agonists (eg) →mild ↑ heart rate at rest (useful - less bradycardia)
» Still allows antagonism of b1- inhibit tachycardia during exercise (high NA)

• Indications
– For prophylactic treatment of angina – reduces cardiac workload
– also for hypertension, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, heart failure, anxiety
• Stable Angina: b adrenergic antagonists PK – substantial differences between different drugs
– variable Foral between different b antagonists.
– some drugs -significant first pass metabolism by Cyp P450,
» extent of first pass varies between individuals
– some drugs excreted unchanged in urine
– t1⁄2 varies 10 min-22 hr

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15
Q

b adrenergic antagonists: Hypoglycaemia

A
  • Hypoglycaemia activates sympathetic nervous system to restore blood Glc via β2
  • β1 antagonist masks tachycardia and inhibits homeostatic response induced by hypoglycaemia.
  • Hence β1 antagonists used with caution in diabetes
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16
Q

Stable Angina: Ca2+ channel antagonists

A

Prophylactic treatment for frequent attacks

  • Dihydro-pyridines (eg nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine): vascular effects only
  • Verapamil, diltiazem (cardiac effects and vascular effects) so dual mechanism
17
Q

dihydropyridines or verapamil and diltiazem

A

dihydropyridines are “vascular selective” whereas Verapamil and Diltiazem have cardiac and vascular activity

18
Q

Stable Angina: Ca2+ channel antagonists (2)

Mechanism

A

• Smooth muscle & cardiac muscle: Ca2+ channel antagonists

  • Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle contraction – reduced afterload.
  • Inhibition of cardiac myocyte contraction – reduced workload

• AV node (cardiac tissue): AV node action potential
-Inhibition of rate and conduction velocity – reduced workload

19
Q

Ca2+ channel antagonists: dihydropyridines - drugs, pk, adr, example, cautions, ci, i

A

• Drugs
– Amlodipine – long t1/2 ~30-60hr
» Slow onset minimizes reflex tachycardia
– Felodipine long t1/2 ~12-25h
– Nifedipine t1/2 ~ 3 h & rapid onset.
» Modified release formulation available
• Indications
– hypertension, angina prophylaxis
• PK
– extensive first-pass metabolism (Cyp P450) (So minimal dose adjustment needed in renal disease) except amlodipine
• ADR
– ADR resulting from vasodilation are common – flushing, headache, oedema
– can cause reflex tachycardia & increased contractility
• Cautions
– amlodipine, felodipine may be preferred in patients with heart failure as they don’t reduce cardiac contractility (verapamil, diltiazem do)
– avoid in pregnancy
• Contraindications
– breast feeding
– unstable angina or 1 month after MI (vasodilation may worsen disease)
• Drug interactions
– augment the effect of other drugs that lower bp
– avoid grapefruit juice; several potential interactions with other cytochrome P450 dependant drugs
– increases plasma ciclosporin and digoxin concentrations – inhibit renal secretion by PgP

20
Q

Short acting dihydropyridines have been linked to

A

Short acting dihydropyridines have been linked to increased risk of M.I. – larger reflex tachycardia can increases O2 demand! (so adding a β blocker may be useful)

21
Q

Ca2+ channel antagonists: diltiazem - indications, pk, adr, example, cautions, ci, i

A

• Indications
– hypertension, angina prophylaxis
• PK
– 50% first pass metabolism (Cyp3A4 inhibitor/substrate) and; t1/2 ~ 5hr
– modified release formulations available
• ADR
– bradycardia - inhibits cardiac AV node conduction – teratogenic
• Cautions
– reduce dose in hepatic and renal failure
• Contraindications
– breast feeding, pregnancy
– patients with heart failure – negatively inotropic
– patients with AV block
• Drug interactions
– augment the effect of other drugs that lower bp or reduce heart rate
– if used with β antagonists can significantly reduce cardiac output
– reduces clearance of propanolol – avoid this combination
– increase plasma ciclosporin by inhibiting metabolism (Cyp3A4)
– increases plasma digoxin concentrations by inhibiting renal secretion by PgP

22
Q

Verapamil/diltiazem contraindication in heart failure

A

Heart failure –inadequate cardiac output. A non-selective Ca2+ channel blocker could reduce output and exacerbate the situation

23
Q

Verapamil/diltiazem contraindication in heart block

A

Heart block – signals through AV node are slowed. A non-selective Ca2+ channel blocker could make this worse

24
Q

Drug interaction between verapamil/diltiazem and β Antagonist

A

Pharmacodynamic interaction – risk of very significant fall in cardiac output/asystole - heart can stop

25
Ca2+ channel antagonists: verapamil - indications, pk, adr, example, cautions, ci, i
• Indications – supraventricular tachycardia (AV node block) – not first choice but can be used for hypertension, angina prophylaxis • PK – high first pass metabolism (Cyp3A4) • ADR – bradycardia – hypotension resulting from vasodilation – Constipation – due to GI tract muscle relaxation • Cautions – reduce dose with hepatic impairment (Because of how its cleared!) • Contraindications – breast feeding, pregnancy – patients with heart failure – negatively inotropic – patients with AV block – affects heart conduction • Drug interactions – augment the effect of other drugs that lower bp or reduce heart rate – do not use with β antagonists - can significantly reduce cardiac output (both negative inotropes) – increase plasma ciclosporin and digoxin concentrations – grapefruit juice
26
K+ channel openers - pk, adr, example, cautions, ci, i
``` • Nicorandil – Angina – As well as K+ channel opener, also acts as NO donor – Useful when nitrate tolerance a problem • PK – Short t1⁄2 ~ 1 hour, denitration • ADR – Headache, flushing – Reflex tachycardia • Cautions – Hypovolemia • Contraindications – Cardiogenic shock, hypotension, • Interactions – Sildenafil – potentiate hypotension because of slower turnover of cGMP ```
27
Stable angina – avoiding MI
• Lifestyle changes (smoking, weight, diet- cholesterol) • Aspirin (inhibit platelet aggregation)- see later lecture • Statins – to reduce plasma cholesterol • Angioplasty & stents, – Angioplasty » balloon introduced to open blocked coronary artery » stent may be inserted to maintain patency • clopidogrel • abciximab
28
Component in plaque
cholesterol
29
Unstable Angina
``` • Symptoms of angina while at rest – emergency – hospitalisation – 10% risk of MI • Inhibit platelet aggregation – Aspirin/heparin – ADP receptor antagonist clopidogrel – GPIIb/IIIa antagonists tirofiban, eptifibatide – b antagonist, Ca2+ channel blocker • Nitrates for symptomatic relief • ACE inhibitors – ramipril, perindopril • Cholesterol reduction – diet – statins • Angioplasty or bypass surgery maybe needed. ```
30
Acute myocardial infarction
• Occlusion of artery leading to cardiac tissue death • Aspirin – to inhibit platelet aggregation • Opioid analgesia – morphine, diamorphine – to relieve pain & distress (& benzodiazepine to further reduce stress) • Anti-emetic – MI often leads to vomiting and worsened by opioids • Thrombolytics - reduce mortality – streptokinase or alteplase • Anticoagulants – heparin, warfarin • β1 antagonists – Early “cardioprotective use” – reduces infarct size by reducing oxygen demand • ACE inhibitors – reduce bp • Diuretics – to reduce pulmonary oedema – furosemide- venous vasodilation & diuresis
31
What are the major therapeutic options for treating angina, and what is their mechanism of action?
* Blood flow: Nitrates | * Oxygen demand: β adrenoceptor antagonists, Ca2+ channel blockers
32
Which Ca2+ channel blockers are vascular selective and which are not ? How does this affect their use?
• dihydropyridines are vascular selective | – non-selective blockers are used with caution/ contraindicated if they may further worsen cardiac function
33
Stable Angina: b adrenergic antagonists - adr, caution, CI, I
• ADR – Bronchoconstriction (b2 antagonism). » Less with cardioselective drugs but can still occur, esp. in asthmatics (caution/contraindication) » Can even develop with eye drops over several weeks – Bradycardia & reduced cardiac contractility » cold hands & feet, esp. patients with peripheral vascular disease. » Fatigue, decreased exercise capacity » Heart failure possible in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (caution/contraindication) – Erectile dysfunction – Sleep disturbance, dreams » less with atenolol (poor CNS penetration)• Caution – avoid in pregnancy unless essential – growth retardation – avoid suddenly stopping therapy » rebound hypertension due to receptor upregulation during therapy – can mask signs of hypoglycemia – used with caution in diabetes • Contraindications – asthma – heart block or uncontrolled heart failure – bradycardia, hypotension – sotalol with other drugs that prolong QT • Drug interactions – not with verapamil – risk of asystole – Reduced renal/hepatic perfusion, esp in patients with kidney disease, can slow metabolism of some drugs
34
b adrenergic antagonists - selective
Atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol | » relatively β1 selective antagonists -“cardioselective” –useful in patients where important to avoid β2 antagonism
35
b adrenergic antagonists - non selective
Propanolol | » β1 and β2 - “non-selective”
36
b adrenergic antagonists - non selective and inhibit K+
Sotalol | » non β selective and also inhibits K+ channels (useful in arrhythmia)
37
b adrenergic antagonists - partial agonists
Acebutolol, pindolol » partial agonists (eg) →mild ↑ heart rate at rest (useful - less bradycardia) » Still allows antagonism of b1- inhibit tachycardia during exercise (high NA)