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PBL > CVS 2 > Flashcards

CVS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the side effects of the hypertension medication?

A 
cough
diarrhoea/ constipation
dizziness
erection problems
feeling nervous 
feeling tired/ weak/  drowsy/ lack of energy
headache
nausea/ vomiting 
skin rash
weight loss/ gain
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2
Q

what contraindications would the pharmacists be looking for when dispensing hypertension medications?

A

ACE inhibitors/ ARBs = pregnancy, bilateral renovascular disease/ renal artery stenosis, hyperkalaemia, angioedema
Diuretics = gout, age
Beta-blockers = asthma, bradycardia, AV-block grade 2 or 3, uncontrolled heart failure

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3
Q

what are the symptoms of hypertension?

A 
rare to have any
severe headache
fatigue
confusion
vision problems
chest pain
difficulty breathing
irregular heartbeat
blood in urine 
pounding in chest, neck or ears
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4
Q

What are the diagnostic parameters for hypertension?

A

140/90mmHg or over

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5
Q

what are the symptoms of hypotension?

A 
fainting
syncope
dizziness 
feeling lightheaded
chest pain
blurred vision
increased thirst
nausea
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6
Q

what are the diagnostic parameters for hypotension?

A

90/60mmHg

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7
Q

which other organs are affected by hypo/ hypertension?

A 
heart
kidneys 
brain
blood vessels
all organs are affected by hypotension because it can cause reduced blood flow/ perfusion to them
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8
Q

what are the risk factors of hypertension?

A 
age
race
family history 
being overweight/ obese
lack of exercise
smoking
too much salt
too little potassium
too little fruit and veg
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9
Q

What are the risk factors of a cardiac event?

A 
hypertension
age
sex - males 
family history
smoking 
high cholesterol
diabetes 
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
high stress
unhealthy diet - high in fat, salt, sugar
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10
Q

what is anaemia?

A

a lack of enough healthy RBCs to carry adequate oxygen to your body tissues
caused by blood loss, decreased or faulty RBC production or destruction of RBCs

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11
Q

what are the types of anaemia?

A 
aplastic 
iron deficiency
sickle cell anaemia 
thalassemia
vitamin deficiency - B12 and folate 
functional 
haemolytic
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12
Q

What are the causes of anaemia?

A 
dietary deficiency
malabsorption
inheritance/ genetics
pregnancy
blood loss
autoimmune disorders 
hormone disorders
chronic diseases
drugs and medication -alcohol, antibiotics, NSAIDs, anti-coagulants 
mechanical destruction
infection
periods of rapid growth/ high energy requirements
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13
Q

how to treat hypertension?

A

lifestyle changes

medicatiosn

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14
Q

lifestyle changes to treat hypertension

A 
cut salt intake to less than 6g per day
low fat, balanced diet with lots of fruit and veg
exercise 
reduce alcohol
lose weight 
drink less caffeine
stop smoking
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15
Q

medications to treat hypertension

A 
ACE inhibitor
angiotensin 2 receptor blockers 
calcium channel blockers
thiazide diuretic 
beta blockers
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16
Q

how to treat anaemia?

A 
iron supplements
dietary changes
reduce/ stop bleeding 
vitamin supplements - vitamin C, B12 and folic acid
injections of vitamins
blood transfusion
chemotherapy
avoid certain medications 
treating infections 
taking immunosuppressants
17
Q

how to treat sickle cell anaemia?

A

oxygen
pain relief
oral and IV fluids to reduce pain and prevent complications and antibiotics

18
Q

How to treat thalassemia?

A 
blood tranfusion 
folic acid supplement
medication 
removal of spleen 
bone marrow stem cell transplant
19
Q

what are the symptoms of anaemia?

A 
easy fatigue
loss of energy
unusually rapid HR 
shortness of breath 
headache
difficulty concentrating
dizziness
pale skin
leg cramps
insomnia
20
Q

symptoms of iron deficiency

A

hunger for strange substances
upward curvature of nails
soreness of the mouth with cracks at corners

21
Q

symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia

A 
tingling in hands or feet 
loss of sense of touch
wobbly gait and difficult walking 
clumsiness and stiffness of arms and legs 
dementia
22
Q

chronic lead poisoning symptoms

A

blue-black line one the gums referred to as lead line
abdominal pain
constipation
vomiting

23
Q

symptoms of chronic red blood cell destruction

A 
jaundice
brown or red urine
leg ulcers 
failure to thrive in infancy
symptoms of gallstones
24
Q

Symptoms of sickle cell anaemia

A

fatigue
susceptibility to infection
delayed growth and development in children
episodes of severe pain in joints, abdomen and limbs

25
Q

symptoms of sudden red blood cell destruction

A 
abdominal pain
brown or red urine
jaundice 
small bruises
seizures 
symptoms of kidney failure
26
Q

how to diagnose anaemia?

A 
medical history
physical exam
blood test 
FBC
Iron studies
serum B12 and folate 
bone marrow biopsy
27
Q

what are the different types of heart disease ?

A 
congenital HD
arrhythmia 
coronary artery disease
dilated cardiomyopathy
MI
heart failure
angina
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
mitral regurgitation
mitral valve
pulmonary stenosis
28
Q

what are the short-term treatments of MI?

A 
coronary angioplasty and stenting 
coronary artery bypass surgery 
aspirin
thrombolytics
antiplatelet agents
blood thinners 
GTN
pain relief - morphine
29
Q

what are the long-term treatments of MI?

A 
aspirin
heparin/ clopidogrel 
beta blockers 
ACE inhibitors 
statina
lifestyle factors

PBL (2 decks)

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