CVS 2 Flashcards
What are the side effects of the hypertension medication?
cough diarrhoea/ constipation dizziness erection problems feeling nervous feeling tired/ weak/ drowsy/ lack of energy headache nausea/ vomiting skin rash weight loss/ gain
what contraindications would the pharmacists be looking for when dispensing hypertension medications?
ACE inhibitors/ ARBs = pregnancy, bilateral renovascular disease/ renal artery stenosis, hyperkalaemia, angioedema
Diuretics = gout, age
Beta-blockers = asthma, bradycardia, AV-block grade 2 or 3, uncontrolled heart failure
what are the symptoms of hypertension?
rare to have any severe headache fatigue confusion vision problems chest pain difficulty breathing irregular heartbeat blood in urine pounding in chest, neck or ears
What are the diagnostic parameters for hypertension?
140/90mmHg or over
what are the symptoms of hypotension?
fainting syncope dizziness feeling lightheaded chest pain blurred vision increased thirst nausea
what are the diagnostic parameters for hypotension?
90/60mmHg
which other organs are affected by hypo/ hypertension?
heart kidneys brain blood vessels all organs are affected by hypotension because it can cause reduced blood flow/ perfusion to them
what are the risk factors of hypertension?
age race family history being overweight/ obese lack of exercise smoking too much salt too little potassium too little fruit and veg
What are the risk factors of a cardiac event?
hypertension age sex - males family history smoking high cholesterol diabetes obesity sedentary lifestyle high stress unhealthy diet - high in fat, salt, sugar
what is anaemia?
a lack of enough healthy RBCs to carry adequate oxygen to your body tissues
caused by blood loss, decreased or faulty RBC production or destruction of RBCs
what are the types of anaemia?
aplastic iron deficiency sickle cell anaemia thalassemia vitamin deficiency - B12 and folate functional haemolytic
What are the causes of anaemia?
dietary deficiency malabsorption inheritance/ genetics pregnancy blood loss autoimmune disorders hormone disorders chronic diseases drugs and medication -alcohol, antibiotics, NSAIDs, anti-coagulants mechanical destruction infection periods of rapid growth/ high energy requirements
how to treat hypertension?
lifestyle changes
medicatiosn
lifestyle changes to treat hypertension
cut salt intake to less than 6g per day low fat, balanced diet with lots of fruit and veg exercise reduce alcohol lose weight drink less caffeine stop smoking
medications to treat hypertension
ACE inhibitor angiotensin 2 receptor blockers calcium channel blockers thiazide diuretic beta blockers
how to treat anaemia?
iron supplements dietary changes reduce/ stop bleeding vitamin supplements - vitamin C, B12 and folic acid injections of vitamins blood transfusion chemotherapy avoid certain medications treating infections taking immunosuppressants
how to treat sickle cell anaemia?
oxygen
pain relief
oral and IV fluids to reduce pain and prevent complications and antibiotics
How to treat thalassemia?
blood tranfusion folic acid supplement medication removal of spleen bone marrow stem cell transplant
what are the symptoms of anaemia?
easy fatigue loss of energy unusually rapid HR shortness of breath headache difficulty concentrating dizziness pale skin leg cramps insomnia
symptoms of iron deficiency
hunger for strange substances
upward curvature of nails
soreness of the mouth with cracks at corners
symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia
tingling in hands or feet loss of sense of touch wobbly gait and difficult walking clumsiness and stiffness of arms and legs dementia
chronic lead poisoning symptoms
blue-black line one the gums referred to as lead line
abdominal pain
constipation
vomiting
symptoms of chronic red blood cell destruction
jaundice brown or red urine leg ulcers failure to thrive in infancy symptoms of gallstones
Symptoms of sickle cell anaemia
fatigue
susceptibility to infection
delayed growth and development in children
episodes of severe pain in joints, abdomen and limbs
symptoms of sudden red blood cell destruction
abdominal pain brown or red urine jaundice small bruises seizures symptoms of kidney failure
how to diagnose anaemia?
medical history physical exam blood test FBC Iron studies serum B12 and folate bone marrow biopsy
what are the different types of heart disease ?
congenital HD arrhythmia coronary artery disease dilated cardiomyopathy MI heart failure angina hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mitral regurgitation mitral valve pulmonary stenosis
what are the short-term treatments of MI?
coronary angioplasty and stenting coronary artery bypass surgery aspirin thrombolytics antiplatelet agents blood thinners GTN pain relief - morphine
what are the long-term treatments of MI?
aspirin heparin/ clopidogrel beta blockers ACE inhibitors statina lifestyle factors
