CVS Flashcards

1
Q

mention the cv risk factors

A

modifiable: family history, age, sex, ethenity.
non: HT, tobacco, diet, physical inactive, obesity, blood lipids,

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2
Q

what are the main causes of secondary hypertrnsion.

A

1_Renal causes: interstitial nephritis, renal a stenosis, polysystic k, SLE
2_Endocrine disorder: cushing, conns synd, pheochromocytoma.
3_estrogen therapy
4_pregnancy
5_coarctation of aorta.

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3
Q

what are the needed lab investigation for a pt with hypertension?

A

1_renal status: urine analysis, BUN, s creatinine

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4
Q

Described the symptoms of the following and how they are measured:
1_cushing syn
2_pheochromocytoma
3_hyperaldosteronism

A

1_HT, central obesity, glucose intolerance
measure 24h urine free cortisol, overnight dexamethasone suppresion test.
2_HT, weight loss, glu intolerance, palpitation, pounding headache, pallor.
measure 24h urinary metanephrine excretion.
3_HT, hypokalemia.
screening test: plasma renin activity «low in primary hyperaldestor»

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5
Q

what’s the normal value of HDL,and when does it change?

A

1_male more than 45 mg, F more 35
2_increase: vigrous exercise, moderate consumption of alcohol
insulin treatment and estrogen
3_decrease: familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia, elevated serum TG, obesity, stress, smoking, DM, recent illness: MI, stroke, trauma, starvation, hypothyroidism, liver ds, nephrosis, uremia

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6
Q

how to calculate LDL levels, and when dose it increase

A

1_from Friewald formula=total cholesterol _(HDL+TG/5)
2_familial hypercholestrolemia
familial combined hyperlipidemia
Diet high in cholesterol
DM, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, CRF

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7
Q

what does lipid profile include? how much are the normal and risk values?

A

1_total cholesterol: 200mg or less is normal, more than 240 is high
2_HDL: 60 mg is good, less than 40 mg is low, risky
3_LDL: less than 100 is ideal, 190 or more is very high
4_TG: less than 150 is good, more than200 is risky

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8
Q

mention the classifications of dyslipidemia.

A
type  ,  Lipoprotein,   lipid 
1_chylomicrons   TG
2a_LDL, cholesterol 
2b_LDL/VLDL,  cholesterol/TG
3_IDL/chylomicron.  Cholesterol/TG
4_VLDL   , TG
5_VLDL/chylomicron.  Cholesterol/TG
6_very low levels of HDL
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9
Q
Regarding creatinine phosphatase: 
1_where does it found
2_ values diagnostic in MI
3_isoenzymes
4_normal level
A

1_heart, skeletal. m, brain
2_CK b/w 160-1600 u/l,, CK. MB: more than 6
3_aCK. MB: heart m, increase in acute MI and cardiac surgery.
B_CK. MM: skeletal m, but also express MB in loe levels
C_CK. BB: brain, increase in malignant HT, Uremia, brain anoxia, necrosis of large intestine
D_CK. MIMI: mitochonderial, increase in MI Reyes syndrome, malignant tumors, necrotic liver disease.
4_female, less than 100,pathological: more than 120
male, less than 159,
pathological more than 160

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10
Q

Mention the causes of increased CK. MB

A
1_MI
2_Cardiogenic shock
3_myocarditis
4_post operative 
5_cardiac defibrillation
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11
Q

Mention the causes of increasred CK. in skeletal m

A
1_sport
2_IM injection
3_operation
4_multiple traumas
5_muscle dystrophy 
6_myasthenia graves and dystrophic myotonia
7_Arterial emboli
8_malignant hyperthermia
9_hypothyroidism 
10_hypokalemia
11_intoxication and alcoholism 
12_infectous diseases 
13_Epilepsy
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12
Q

when dose myoglobin increase?

A

1_cardiac m damage
2_skeletal m damage
3_familial«Meyer. Betz ds»
4_high fever, stress, hyperthermia and vigrous sport.
5_diabetic acidosis, hypokalemia, barbiturate poisining

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13
Q

mention the different isoenzymes of LDH and there location

A
1_heart, RBC
2_Heart, RBC 
3_lymph t, lungs, platelets, pancreas
4_liver, skeletal m 
5_liver, skeletal m
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14
Q

when dose LDH increase?

A
1_MI
2_Hemolytic anemia 1
3_paraxosymal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 2-3
4_lymphoma 2_3
5_Duchenen 2_3
6_pulmonary embolism 3_4
7_liver ds 5
8_skeletal m ds 5
9_dermatomyositis, polymyositis
10_malignant tumors
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15
Q

regarding GOT, GPT
1_where
2_how much
3_elevation indicate what

A
1_muscle, liver, brain
2_GOT: 5_35,GPT: 7_56
3_liver disease, biliary tract
skeletal muscle damage
MI «GOT»
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16
Q

In a patient with MI what are the possible abnormal results in blood test?

A
1_increase hematocrit
2_leukocytosis
3_increase ESR
4_Increase C. R. P
5_in arterial blood gas: deceased ph, decrease PO2,increase glucose
6_increase urea nitrogen, creatinine
7_decrease potassium, albumin
8_increase TG
9_increase cholesterol
17
Q

Mention the major and minor jones crteria.

A
J🖤NES PEACE. 
Major: 
1_joints(polyarthritis, hot sollwen joints) 
2_heart(carditis, valve damage) 
3_Subcutaneous nodules
4_Erythema marginatum
5_Sydenham chorea
Minor: 1_previous RF
2_ECG with PR prolongation
3_Arthralgia
4_CRP, ESR elevation
5_elevated Temperature
18
Q

when dose ASO becomes necessary?

A

1_direct diagnosis: scarlet fever, eryspieles, streptococcus pharyngitis, tonsillitis.
2_indirect diagnosis: RF, GN

19
Q

when can we found elevated CRP

A
1_active bacterial infection 
2_active RF
3_Active MI
4_Active rheumatic arthritis
5_Active TB
20
Q

why CRP is more sensetive and rpidly responding indicator than ESR?

A

CRP show an earlier and more intense increase.
The disappearance of it precedes ESR in recovery
CRP disappear also when inflammatory process is supressed: anti inflammatory agent, salicylate, steroids.

21
Q

In clinical findings of RF what dose the following indicate:
1_Antifibrinolysin
2_ASTZ
3_ESR

A

1_increase in RF, recent Hemolytic infection
2_sensetive test, useful in excluding RF
3_Sensetive test of R activity

22
Q

Mention the 2 pn in heart failure and their source

when they are secreated

A

1_BNP
2_NT_PRO_BNP
cardiac ventricles
released in direct proportion to ventricular volume and pressure overload.

23
Q

Mention the clinical significant of BNP

A

1_differentiate HF in pt with dyspnea from other causes in atypical presentation
2_has a high negative value «very sensetive», when test is _ heart failure can be excluded.
3_following up the pt on treatment.

24
Q

In CCF what can you see in liver function tests?

A
1_congestive hepatomegaly, cardiac cirrhosis. 
2_increase serum bilirubin«frank jaundice» 
3_increase urine urobilinogen
4_increase LDL
5_mild to moderate increase in serum ALP
6_SGOT, SGPT increase 
7_hypoalbuminemia
8_increase prothrombin time
25
Q

In CCF what are the findings in relation to fluid and electrolytes

A

1_delusional hyponatremia
2total body sodium increase but plasma sodium and chloride decrease
3

4_hyperkalemia in severe case, and may decrease with diuretics
5_hyperaldesteronism
6_iron defeciency

26
Q

What are the renal changes in CCF

A

1_slight albuminuria
2_isolated RBC, hyaline, granular casts
3oliguria
4
urine is concentrated, specific gravity more than 1020

27
Q

mention the pssible adverse effects of thiazide and loop diuertics

A
1_alkalosis
2_decrease potassium, magnesium
3_decrease GFR
4_Decrease lithium clearance
5_increase serum glucose, uric acid, calcium
6_increase totak cholesterol, LDL, TG
28
Q

universal difenition and classification of heart failure

A

gillary