CVS مازن 1 Flashcards
which substance is responsible for actin and myosin interaction
Troponin
contraction needs high level of _________ inside the cell
serum calcium
from where does calcium come ? and what is the stimulus ?
Action potential to the cell membrane
1) from sarcoplasmic reticulum
2) ca+2 enters from extracellular space to the intracellular space
types of troponin ?
T – Trigger the interaction
I – inhibit the interaction
C – gives the signals for ca+2 (binds to calcium )
what is the histology of muscular fibrils ?
inner part is circular
outer part is longitudinal
intermediate part is oblique
at the end of contraction the volume of blood in the heart is called_____
End systolic volume (ESV)
at the end of relaxation the volume of blood in the heart is called_____
End diastolic volume (EDV)
define SV and write its equation
SV is the amount of blood which is ejected into the aorta in one beat
SV= End diastolic volume – End systolic volume
Ejection fraction (EF) =
(SV / EDV ) X100%
normal EF value is
more than 50%
EF less than 50% is
HF
define CO and write its equation
CO is the amount of blood which is ejected into the aorta per one minute
CO = SV X HR
important in physical examination of CVS is to look for
Pallor and cyanosis
in pulse you should examine
Rate
volume
character
what are the types of pulse character ?
1) alternating pulse
A)pulsus alternas
B)pulsus paradoxus
2) water hummer pulse (collapsing pulse)
3) pulsus deficit
4)pulsus bisferiens
5) pulsus et tardus
how does pulse volume change with breathing physiologically
take a breathe and expanding the lung –> pooling of blood in lung –> reduction of blood in LV –> reduction of BP –> reduction of pulse volume
the difference between BP in inspiration and expiration normally
less than 10 mmHg
the difference between BP in inspiration and expiration in pulsus paradoxus is
more than 10 mmHg
in which condition there is pulsus paradoxus but the cause related to the heart
constructive pericarditis
what is the idea behind the collapsing pulse
large difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( wide pulse pressure)
causes of collapsing pulse
Aortic regurgitation
pregnancy
exercise
isolated systolic hypertension
patent ductus arteriosus
what is the idea behind the pulsus deficit
difference between HR and PR such as in AF
what is the idea behind the pulsus et tardus
slow and low pulse such as in aortic stenosis
what is the idea behind the pulsus bisferiens
double peak pulse such as in
both aortic regurgitation and stenosis
HOCM
what is the idea behind the pulsus bisferiens
double peak pulse such as in
both aortic regurgitation and stenosis
HOCM
JVP is
a manometer that measures the Right side hemodynamic
