CVR Flashcards
What do the three layers become?
Ectoderm-skin, nervous system, neural crest
Mesoderm-all types if muscle, most systems, kidneys, blood
Endoderm- GI tract, endocrine organs
What is the cardiovascular system derived from?
Mostly mesoderm but some contribution from neural crest (ectoderm)
What are the three stages of cardiac formation?
1) formation of primitive heart tube
2) cardiac looping-heart begins to beat
3) cardiac septation-common atrium and common ventricle
What is the general structure of an artery and it’s layers?
Tunica intima- endothelium , bm
Tunica media- vascular smooth muscle cells
Internal elastic lamina
Tunica adventitia- fibroblasts
Outline embryology of circulation
Day 17- blood islands form
17-20 vascularisation of villus and stalk
Day 18-vasculogenesis (blood vessel formation)
Day 18 onward angiogenesis
What drives embryonic vessel development
Angiogenic growth factors
What supplies each bronchopulmonary segment?
Pulmonary artery and bronchial artery
Where is the apex of the lung?
Medial 1/3rd of clavicle around 2cm above the clavicle
Lower border of the lung?
6,8,10
Where are the oblique and horizontal fissures?
4th rib-horizontal
4th to 6th rib- oblique
What is gastrulation
Mass movement and invagination of the blastula
What’s the function of neutrophils?
Phagocytose and kill bacteria, release cytokines, multilobed nucleus
What’s the function of lymphocytes?
Some generate antibodies, others have immunological memory
B- antibodies
T- helper cells and some are cytotoxic
Why is the blood usually fluid?
The proteins of the coagulation cascade and platelets circulate in an inactive form. Also endothelial cells, natural anticoagulant pathway and fibrinolytic pathway are actively keeping it fluid
Where can you palmate the apex beat in the heart?
Left 5th intercostal space mid-clavicle line
