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CVR > CVR > Flashcards

CVR Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory tract components

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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2
Q

lower respiratory tract components

A

trachea
bronchi
lungs

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3
Q

function of the nasal cavity

A
  • olfaction
  • respiration
  • humidification of inspired air
  • filtration of dust
  • immunological role- trapping and removing pathogens
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4
Q

boundaries of the nasal cavity

A

roof
floor
lateral wall
medial wall

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5
Q

pharynx

A

pharyngeal muscles
- constrictors
-innervated by CNX
- longitudinal
-innervated by CNX
-stylopharyngeus innervated by CNIX

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6
Q

paranasal sinus

A
  • frontal
  • sphenoidal
  • ethmoidal - has 3 (smaller)
    -anterior
    -middle
    -posterior
  • maxillary
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7
Q

trachea

A

connection of the larynx to the bronchi
surrounded by c-shaped cartilaginous rings

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8
Q

bronchi

A

primary lobar bronchi
-right shorter, wider, more vertical
secondary lobar bronchi
-superior, middle, inferior
tertiary lobar bronchi
-10 bronchopulmonary segments

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9
Q

bronchial tree

A

tubular structures - continuously divides + get smaller
conducting airways only move air, no gas exchange
resp airways - where gas exchange occurs
ends at the alveolar sacs
eventually loses cartilaginous support
smooth muscles surrounds bronchioles
alveoli are surrounded by capillary networks

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10
Q

lungs

A
  • site of gas exchange
  • sit within the pleural cavity surrounded by the pleural membrane

-parietal and visceral pleura

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11
Q

3 lobes of the right lung

A

superior
middle
inferior

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12
Q

hilum of the right lung features

A

bronchi
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins

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13
Q

left lung features

A

2 lobbes
smaller - due to space taken up by the heart
lingula

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14
Q

hilium of the left lung features

A

bronchi
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins

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15
Q

thoracic cage function

A

breathing
protection
conduit for other structures

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16
Q

ventilation

A

intercostals
-external, internal, innermost

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17
Q

vent - musculature

A
  • expansion of thoracic cavity
  • decrease in intrathoracic pressure allows the influx of air to the lungs
  • increasing intrathoracic pressure allows exhalation
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18
Q

define partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by a gas within a mixture of gases
EG. CO2

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19
Q

what is dalton’s law

A

sum or partial pressures for all gases in a mixture = total pressure

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20
Q

what are the variables of partial pressure

A

number of molecules of the gas, volumes, temp

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21
Q

what is diffusion

A

gases travel from areas of high conc to low conc
down a partial pressure gradient

22
Q

why is dead space important

A

-useful to know how much inspired air actually participate in gas exchange

-need to know how much doesn’t go into Vd and subtract it

-gives idea of alveolar volumes

23
Q

partial pressure is dependant on ….

A

elevation above sea level

24
Q

the trachea is ……. cartilage

A

horse-shoe shaped

25
Q

function of trachea

A

protects the windpipe (trachea)
prevents inward collapse

26
Q

cartilage is not present in ……

A

bronchioles

27
Q

bronchioles

A

mucosal

28
Q

which cells secrete mucus

A

which cells secrete mucus

29
Q

working out partial pressure

A

fraction that gas represents x total pressure

30
Q

alveolar and arterial O2 are maintained at ……

A

equilibrium

31
Q

how is the trachea kept clean

A

airways are mucosal tissues
goblet cells secrete mucus
dirt/pathogens trapped and expelled by movement of cilia
problems : smoking

32
Q

what is the connection between lungs and thorax

A

chest wall and lungs are elastic
pleural cavity contains pleural fluid that can’t expand
fluid linkage - JOINS TOGETHER
so when the chest wall moves so do the lungs

33
Q

explain the elastic recoil of the lungs

A

pull inwards and chest wall pulls outwards
at rest creates a negative pressure in the pleural cavity
lung volume under these conditions = FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY

34
Q

how to calculate lung distending pressure

A

Pressure inside (P lower in)- Pressure outside (P lower out)= lung distending

35
Q

chest wall/lung distending pressure

A

Pressure inside (P lower in) – Pressure outside (P lower out)

36
Q

describe breathing in / inspiration

A
  • diaphragm contracts- downward pull
  • major inspiratory muscle respornsible for quiet breathing
  • other muscles utilised during eg. excercise, coughing
  • volume of thorax and lungs INCREASE
37
Q

describe boyle’s law

A

when the volume increases
pressure decreases

38
Q

which two functional units are the airways divided into

A

conducting zone
repiarotry zone

39
Q

explain breathing out / expiration

A
  • diaphragm, relaxes- upwards push
  • other muscles more important durig forces breathing beyogng FRC to redidual volume
  • volume of thoarx and lungs decreases
  • pressure in the lungs increase
    airflows from a high prssure to low pressure
40
Q

conducting zone

A

move,ent of air to gas exchanging regions
inspired air warmed and humidified

41
Q

respiratory zone

A

presence of alveoli
gas exchange

42
Q

desrcibe the movement of gases in the functional units

A
  • conducting zone- bulk flow
  • respirtory zone- branching INCREASES cross-sectional area, speed of flow DECREASES
43
Q

how to calculate total flow

A

speed (decreases) x area (increase) - therefore unchanged

44
Q

what does diffusion require

A

airflow - inspired air entering alveoli
blood flow - via pulmonary capillaries

45
Q

how is boyle’s law expressed

A

P ∞ 1/V

46
Q

what is the pressure in the pleural cavity at rest

A

negative

47
Q

what does the negative pleural pressure in the pleural cavity at rest

A

what does the negative pleural pressure in the pleural cavity at rest

48
Q

what is the figure for functional residual capacity

A

2.5L

49
Q

what are problems of the trachea + primary bronchi keeping clean

A

problems: smoking- ciliary arrest, asthma/inflammation- increased viscosity mucous

50
Q

what does the big gradient between blood + tissues do

A

drive oxygen down the latter

CVR (3 decks)

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