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CVB215 > cvb215 > Flashcards

cvb215 Flashcards

1
Q

Locard’s Exchange Principle

A

when two objects come together there is always an exchange of material

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2
Q

Factors that affect transfer and detection

A

force or pressure applied; nature of contact; types of surfaces; length of time of contact

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3
Q

What is the priority at a crime scene?

A

examine/process the deceased in order to remove body as quickly as possible (respect to the deceased, post mortem investigation

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4
Q

Common Knowledge Rule

A

information to help in understanding as opposed to relying on general knowledge and common sense

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5
Q

What is a negative test?

A

the substance tested is NOT the substance or too dilute or minute to detect

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6
Q

What are the limitations of trace DNA?

A

Unable to determine:
Source of DNA (from skin cells or blood?)
How trace DNA was deposited (primary or secondary transfer)
When trance DNA was deposited (persistence)

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7
Q

What are the three hair growth stages, and are they suitable for DNA analysis?

A

Anagen - active growth stage; suitable for nDNA analysis
Catagen - transitional growth stage; suitable for nDNA anlysis
Telogen - cessation of growth; may be suitable for nDNA analysis

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8
Q

What is primary transfer?

A

transfer from original source to object or person; implies direct association

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9
Q

What is secondary transfer?

A

transfer from original source to secondary source to object or person; implies indirect association

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10
Q

What is a positive test?

A

the substance tested MAY be the substance -> non confirmatory

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11
Q

What is a false positive?

A

an apparent positive test result; slower reaction time and different colour change

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12
Q

What are the presumptive tests used for blood?

A

TMB, Luminol, LCV

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13
Q

What are the presumptive tests used for seminal fluid?

A

AP (acid phosphate)

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14
Q

What is the presumptive test used for saliva?

A

Phadebas test

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15
Q

Trace DNA

A

cellular material transferred from a person to another object or person - located on objects contacted by skin

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16
Q

What are the types of transfer in trace DNA?

A

Rates of shedding (individuals vary in the rate they shed skin cells); Retention (depends on surface, environment, activity); Persistence (time since deposition is UNABLE to be determined)

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17
Q

Primary Crime Scene

A

A place where the offence occurred (e.g. house where murder occurred)

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18
Q

Secondary Crime Scene

A

A place other than where the offence occurred but where there is likely to be evidence relating to the offence (e.g. offenders vehicle, bushland where body was located)

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19
Q

What types of descriptions are used in impression evidence analysis?

A

partial or full impression; size and shape; description of class characteristics; description of any individual characteristics; substrate

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20
Q

Class Characteristics

A

intentional and unavoidable; repeat during the manufacturing process; shared by one or more shoes or tyres; include specific shapes, design, and size

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21
Q

Individual Characteristics

A

randomly occurring accidental damage; material randomly added or taken away from shoe outside or tyre; causes or contributes process and wear

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22
Q

Exclusion

A

The highest degree of non-association expressed in comparison examinations
Sufficient differences between characteristics in the impression and known item
The known item was not the source or and did not make the impression

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23
Q

Chromatography

A

separation technique that is based on the interaction of a compound with a stationary phase, and a mobile phase

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24
Q

Stationary Phase

A

a layer or coating on a supporting medium that interacts with the analyte

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25
Q

Mobile Phase

A

an inert gas or a solvent that flows through the supporting medium

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26
Q

Two types of Planar Chromatography

A

paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography

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27
Q

Two types of Planar Chromatography

A

paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography

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28
Q

How is Separation Achieved?

A

Components in the mixture interact with the stationary and mobile phases in different ways with the extent of interaction depending on physical properties of the compounds

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29
Q

Gas Chromatography

A

mobile phase is a gas; principal driving forces for separation is the difference in boiling points and polarities of compounds in the mixture

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30
Q

Liquid Chromatography

A

mobile phase is a liquid; driving force for separation is the solubility of the sample components in the mobile phase and their partitioning between this phase and the stationary phase (column)

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31
Q

Adsorption Chromatography

A

Separation is based on differences between the adsorption affinities of the sample components towards the surface of stationary phase.

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32
Q

Equation for Partitioning Coefficient

A

Kd=Cs(stationary phase)/Cm(mobile phase)

33
Q

When is Partitioning Coefficient Optimum

A

With Kd value between 1 and 5; <1 separation is too poor; >10 separation is slow

34
Q

Solute Retention

A

the strength of its interaction with the mobile and stationary phases

35
Q

Capacity Factor

A

A universal measure of solute retention; k’=AreaVolume(stationary phase)/AreaVolume(mobile phase)

36
Q

Retention Time (tr)

A

characteristic time that a particular analyte takes to pass through the system

37
Q

Resolution (Rs)

A

measure of the separation

38
Q

Peak Fronting Band Shape

A

High concentration of the sample is injected

39
Q

Peak Tailing Band Shape

A

The analyte molecules are strongly retained on the stationary phase.

40
Q

Eddy Diffusion

A

as solute molecules travel through the column, some take longer path than the others due to the imperfect packing of the stationary phase particles in the column. Causes band broadening

41
Q

Longitudinal Diffusion

A

A band of analyte molecules contained in the injection solvent will tend to disperse in every direction due to the concentration gradient at the outer edges of the band; concentration of analyte is less at the edges of the band than at the center. This causes band broadening.

42
Q

Properties of a Good Detector

A

high sensitivity, universal response, fast response, low background noise, ease of operation

43
Q

Flame Ionization Detector (FID)

A

GC detector; analyte molecules eluting from the column are burned in a flame and produce electrons. This electric current is amplified and measured; high sensitivity; destructive

44
Q

Spectrophotometric Detectors

A

UV-VIS detector. Used in liquid chromatography (HPLC); Infrared detector. Used in GC;
Fluorescence detector. Used for analytes that give fluorescence

45
Q

Bioactive Molecule

A

Any molecule that has a biological effect on a human or animal body, like amino acids, proteins, and peptides

46
Q

Amino acid

A

Organic acids that have an amino group bonded to the α carbon atom, next to a carboxyl group. Always a chiral compound

47
Q

Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids

A

exist as dipolar ion (zwitterions) that have both formal positive and formal negative charges. The overall charge is neutral; amphoteric: they can react as either an acid or a base

48
Q

Isoelectric Point

A

Point at which a compound is electrically neutral.

49
Q

Electrophoresis

A

method to separate molecules on the basis of their charge and size; Positively charged molecules will move towards the cathode while negatively charged molecules move towards the anode.

50
Q

What affects Migration Rate

A

Depends on the strength of the electric field; ionic strength, viscosity, and temperature of the medium in which the molecules are moving also affect the migration rate of the molecules

51
Q

Equation for Migration Rate

A

v’=charge/mass

52
Q

Paper electrophoresis

A

amino acid and nucleotides

53
Q

Polyacrylamide gel (PAG) electrophoresis

A

proteins and nucleic acids

54
Q

Agarose gel

A

very large proteins, DNA

55
Q

Tracking Electrophoretic Movement

A

Proteins and DNA are negatively charged and will move to the anode. Bromophenol blue is added to the sample, it is a negatively charged dye and therefore migrates in the same direction as a protein or DNA and track the extent of the electrophoretic movement

56
Q

DNA staining

A

Proteins and DNA are colourless, so visualising agent (dye) that binds to their structure is added to the buffer or the gel; for proteins - coomassie blue (binds to proteins), for DNA - ethidium bromide (binds to DNA helix)

57
Q

Isoelectric Focusing

A

pH gradient formed during electrophoresis, so t a pH value, the protein reaches its isoelectric point (pI) and carries a zero net charge, the protein molecules stop moving and become focused in a narrow zone on the gel

58
Q

Properties of Nanomaterials

A

enhanced electrical and heat conductivity; magnetic properties; optical properties - colour changes with size

59
Q

Top Down Synthesis of Nanomaterials

A

size reduction from bulk materials

60
Q

Bottom Up Synthesis of Nanomaterials

A

material synthesis from atomic level

61
Q

Nanoparticle Synthesis

A

Colloidal chemical method

62
Q

Colloidal Chemical Method

A

a metal salt is reduced leaving nanoparticles evenly dispersed in a liquid; aggregation is prevented by the introduction of a stabilising reagent that coats the particle surfaces; particle size ranges from 1-200nm

63
Q

Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles

A

chemical reduction of tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4) using a reducing agent such as sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7); sodium citrate reduced the gold salt (Au3+) to metallic gold (Au0); neutral gold atoms aggregate into seed crystals; seed crystals continue to grow and eventually form gold nanoparticles

64
Q

Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles

A

prepared by chemical reduction of silver nitrate; AgNO3 + NaBH4 -> Ag0 + 1/2H2 + 1/2B2H6 + NaNO3; different colours from the bulk silver metal due to the fact incident light create oscillation in the free electron cloud on the surface of nanoparticles and cause them to absorb electromagnetic radiation at different wavelengths

65
Q

Carbon Nanotube Preparation

A

Prepared by arc discharge between carbon electrodes

66
Q

what are Nanosensors

A

small devices made of nanomaterials that can detect optical or electronic signals

67
Q

Biosensors use

A

can be functionalised with a recognition layer to selectively capture and detect target analytes. uses one monoclonal antibody, a secondary antibody and a magnetic nanoparticle

68
Q

Magnetoresistive Sensors

A

made of conductive chips and were initially used as elements in computer hard drives; used for the detection of proteins in blood and saliva directly without extraction

69
Q

BPA

A

Blood Pattern Analysis

70
Q

ABC

A

Appearance, Behaviour, Context

71
Q

Types of graviational Force

A 
Drip Stain
Drip Pattern
Drip Trail
Flow Pattern
Pool- Bleed out
Saturation Stain
72
Q

Types of External Force patterns

A

Impact stain,
Splatter Stain
Expiration Stain
Cast off pattern

73
Q

Transfer Stain

A

Transfer Stain,
Swipe Stain
Wipe Stain

74
Q

Types of Altered Stain

A

Altered Stain
Blood clot
Serum Stain

75
Q

What is a Void

A

An area that would be expected to be covered in blood however has an area of now blood

76
Q

Partition Chromatography

A

Separation is based on difference in the solubility of the sample components into the mobile and the stationary phases; depends on partitioning coefficient (Kd) of the compound into the 2 phases

77
Q

Affinity Chromatography

A

affinity ligand, specific for binding the target molecule, is attached to an inert matrix; stationary phase binds the target analyte selectively. All other sample components pass through the stationary phase

78
Q

Ion-exchange Chromatography

A

Separation is based on the ion-exchange of the charged ions in the sample; stationary phase may have anions or cations covalently attached to its surface

CVB215 (2 decks)

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