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Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology > CV Physiology Module 1 > Flashcards

CV Physiology Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need a cardiovascular system?

A
  • All living cells require exchange of necessary substrates and a way to remove the by products of the exchange.
  • Small single cell organisms can directly exchange through diffusion and cellular transport systems.
  • Large organisms have no direct exchange capacity and must rely on a more sophisticated system of blood vessels to facilitate the exchange between cells and blood and between blood and environment.
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2
Q

Primary functions of the CV system (5 things listed)

A
  1. Distribution of oxygen and nutrients
  2. Transportation of CO2 and waste products to the lungs and excretory organs
  3. Distribution of water, electrolytes and hormones
  4. Immune system functions
  5. Thermoregulation (heat removal via the skin)
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3
Q

What is the purpose of the CV system?

A
  • To facilitate the exchange of gases, fluid, electrolytes, large molecules, and heat between the cells in the body and the outside environment.
  • The heat and vasculature provide the blood flow to the organs so that this exchange can take place.
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4
Q

What is the arrangement of the CV system?
- Two primary components?
- What system acts as a third component?

A
  • Heart and blood vessels
  • Lymphatic system
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5
Q

What system…
- distributes blood throughout the body
- has ~17% of blood volume contained in it
- highly oxygenated blood (98%)

A

Arterial system

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6
Q

What system…
- is the primary exchange site
- receives blood from arterioles
- sends blood to venules

A

Capillary system

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7
Q

What are the smallest of blood vessels and are in close proximity to all the cells throughout the body, allowing exchange to occur?

A

Capillaries

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8
Q

Exchange between blood and the outside environment occurs in what 4 places?

A
  1. Lungs
  2. GI tract
  3. Kidneys
  4. Skin
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9
Q

What system…
- collects blood from the capillaries
- is less oxygenated (70%)
- are thin walled, distensible and act as blood reservoirs
- contain ~70% of blood volume

A

Venous system

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10
Q

What is a muscular cone-shaped hollow organ that acts as a pump to supply blood to the body?

A

Heart

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11
Q

What functions by coordinated electrical activity, nerve impulses and muscular contractions?

A

Heart

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12
Q

What pumps about 100,000 times and pumps over 7,500 liters of blood each day?

A

Heart

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13
Q

The heart can be viewed as two pumps. What are the two pumps?

A

Pulmonary and Systemic

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14
Q

What circulation is the right heart pump and lungs?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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15
Q

What circulation is the left heart pump and all vessels excluding the lungs?

A

Systemic circulation

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16
Q

What is series arrangement? What uses the series arrangement?

A
  • One after another; the cardiac output from the right side of the heart must closely match the output from the left side
  • CV system
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17
Q

What is part of the right heart? The left heart?

A
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
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18
Q

This part of the heart receives venous blood from the systemic circulation.

A

Right atrium

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19
Q

This part of the heart receives blood from RA and pumps into the pulmonary circulation where the exchange of CO2 and O2 take place.

A

Right ventricle

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20
Q

This part of the heart receives oxygen rich blood from lungs via the pulmonary veins.

A

Left atrium

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21
Q

This part of the heart receives blood from LA, ejects into the aorta where it is distributed to all the organs via the arterial system.

A

Left ventricle

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22
Q

What circulation is…
- shorter, thin walled vessels
- low pressure
- less resistance
- less volume

A

Pulmonary circulation

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23
Q

What circulation is…
- longer, thicker walled vessels
- high pressure
- greater resistance
- more volume

A

Systemic circulation

24
Q

What system…
- during circulation some fluid, electrolytes and some protein leaves the circulation and enters tissue interstitium
- the vessels are closely associated with small blood vessels within the tissue, collect excess fluid from the tissue interstitium and transport back into the venous circulation by way of the ducts that empty into large subclavian veins above the RA

A

Lymphatic system

25
Q

What is the parallel arrangement?

A
  • The circulation of most major organ systems
  • Prevents blood flow changes in one organ from significantly affecting other organs
26
Q

This receives blood from venous blood vessels at a low pressure, raises it to a higher pressure by contracting and then ejects blood into the arterial blood vessels

A

Heart pump

27
Q

What is organ blood flow driven by?

A

Driven by the pressure generated within the arterial system as the heart pumps blood into the vasculature (resistance system)

28
Q

Vascular resistance is determined by what? (3 things)

A
  • Size of the blood vessels
  • Arrangement of the vascular network
  • Viscosity of blood flowing through the network
29
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Resistance to flow

30
Q

RA receives blood at what range of mmHg?

A

0-5mmHg

31
Q

RV fills and contracts blood into the PA at around what mmHg?

A

20-30mmHg

32
Q

As the blood passes through the pulmonary circulation the pressure falls to about what mmHg?

A

10mmHg

33
Q

The right heart pump is a what pressure pump?

A

Low

34
Q

The LA receives blood at about what mmHg?

A

10mmHg

35
Q

The LV fills and contracts, ejecting blood into the Aorta at between what mmHg?

A

100-140mmHg

36
Q

The left heart pump is a what pressure pump?

A

High

37
Q

What is the amount of blood pumped per minute from each ventricle?

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

38
Q

What is the volume of blood ejected with each contraction?

A

Stroke Volume (SV)

39
Q

What is the number of times the heart beats per minute?

A

Heart Rate (HR)

40
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = SV x HR

41
Q

Heart rate is determined by what?

A

Determined by specialized cells within the heart that act as electrical pacemakers
- Activity of these specialized cells is increased or decreased by autonomic nerves and hormones.

42
Q

What is the equation for stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

43
Q

Force of contraction (and stroke volume) are regulated by what? (3 things)

A
  • mechanisms intrinsic to the heart
  • autonomic nerves
  • hormones
44
Q

What are the functions of blood vessels? (6 things)

A
  • regulate arterial blood pressure
  • alter blood flow within organs
  • regulate capillary blood pressure
  • distribute blood volume within the body
  • modulate hemostasis (blood clotting)
  • modulate inflammatory response
45
Q

The CV system must be able to…

A

Adapt to changing conditions and demands of the body

46
Q

What are the 3 examples of the CV system adapting to changing conditions and demands of the body?

A
  • Exercise
  • Standing up after prolonged sitting
  • Pregnancy
47
Q

The process of maintaining the constancy of our internal environment

A

Homeostasis

48
Q

The temperature, O2 concentration, pH, ionic composition, osmolarity, and other important variables of our internal environment are…

A

Closely controlled

49
Q

In order for homeostasis to occur, what system has evolved?

A

CV system

50
Q

Almost all homeostatic control mechanisms are what?

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

51
Q

Negative feedback mechanisms do what?

A

Change the variable back to its original state or “ideal value”

52
Q

A decrease in arterial pressure from normal causes a rapid baroreceptor reflex that stimulates the heart to increase cardiac output and constricts vessels to restore arterial pressure

A

Negative feedback example

53
Q

The output enhances the original stimulus

A

Positive feedback mechanism

54
Q

Blood clotting: once a vessel is damaged, platelets start to cling to the injured site and release chemicals that attract more platelets. The platelets continue to pile up and release chemicals until a clot is formed

A

Positive feedback example

55
Q

What is the ejection fraction equation?

A

EF% = SV/EDV

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology (1 decks)

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