Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2 - Diseases Of The Human System > CV Pathology > Flashcards

CV Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis involving buildup of plaques inside arteries. Arteriosclerosis is a general term for hardening of arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most important risk factor for atherosclerosis?

A

hyperlipidaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is formed during atherosclerosis?

A

atheroma (fatty plaque)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Genes. Familial hypercholesterolaemia. (Mutation of LDL receptor gene.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which cells are LDL (low density lipoprotein) receptors found?

what do they do?

A

many cell types including smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and adrenocortical cells.

help facilitate movement of LDL and allows for enzymatic breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

basal state vs activated state of endothelial cells?

A

Basal State
smooth blood flow and surface
growth factors production
non-adhesive (no clot)
no inflammation

Activated State
turbulent blood flow and surface
cell adhesion molecules
pro-adhesive
pro-inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two stages of atherosclerosis?

A

Chronic inflammation phase
Healing phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens in the chronic inflammation phase?

A

Chronic inflammatory injury by lipoproteins. Endothelial cells change surface cell receptors. This attracts macrophages and t cells via change in cell adhesion molecules forming foam cells in vessels. Foam cells burst, lipid deposits from dead cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens in the healing response phase?

A

Smooth muscle cells migrate and proliferate to form a fibrous cap over the lipid-rich necrotic core containing foam cells
Growth factors drive smooth muscle accumulation
Eventually the necrotic core can become calcified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What growth factors are produced during healing phase?

A

PLGF, FGF, TGF-α

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the effects of atherosclerosis?

A
  • Decreased blood supply to tissue/organ (ischemia)
  • Complete occlusion of the blood vessel leads to infarction.
  • Thrombosis ( rupture of plaque)
  • Embolism (can cause obstruction elsewhere)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are symptoms of peripheral vascular diseases?

A
  • Ischemia
  • Claudication
  • Gangrene
  • Coagulation necrosis+infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What surgical intervention can be used to improve leg circulation?

A

stent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an aneyrusm?

A

abnormal dilation of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where can aneurysms occur?

Where is most common?

A
  • Can occur in blood vessel or in the cardiac wall as well as other places in the body.
  • AAAs (abdominal aortic aneurysms) are the commonest and results from atherosclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can aneurysms cause?

A

can rupture - blood loss
may cause pressure on surrounding organs

17
Q

What are the 2 acute coronary conditions?

A

angina pectoris
myocardial infarction

18
Q

What happens in a myocardial infarction?

what tissue is created when healing

A
  • Infarction-loss of blood supply; oxygen; nutrients
  • Coagulation necrosis of myocardial muscle
  • Anaerobic respiration ineffective
  • Healing is by granulation tissue affects heart function
19
Q

What happens to cells in coagulation necrosis?

what immune cells arrive and what makes up the granulation tissue

A
  • Cells retain shape
  • Cytoplasm becomes darker
  • Remains of nuclei
  • Striations lost
  • Neutrophils arrive first then macrophages and lymphocytes
  • Granulation tissue is made of fibroblasts and proliferating blood vessels
20
Q

What can cause congestive heart failure?

A

CAD
hypertension
valve heart disease

21
Q

What is the pathophysiologic signs of congestive heart failure?

A
  • Hypertrophy of myocyte (adaptation) (increased resistance in BF)
  • Heart may reach 2-3 times weight of normal
  • Increased metabolic demands ; ischemia.
  • Injury to myocyte as a result of ischemia (eventual apoptosis)
22
Q

What is a blood vessel hamartoma called?

where is it found mostly?

A

Haemangioma

60% in head and neck

23
Q

What do haemangiomas leave behind?

A

regress over the first 10 years of life
and may leave a birthmark

24
Q

What are the types of vascular malformations (haemangiomas)?

A
  • capillary - superficial
  • cavernous - deep (larger lumen)
  • Sturge Weber Syndrome - mixed
25
Q

What is the aetiology of kaposi sarcoma?

A

Herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)
almost all oral KS are in HIV-infected patients

26
Q

What are examples of benign cardiac tumours?

A

myxoma
lipoma

27
Q

What is an example of a malignant cardiac tumour?

A

angiosarcoma

28
Q

How do diseases of the valves occur?

A
  • Congenital or acquired
  • Acquired may be a result of other cardiac diseases such as ventricular hypertrophy
29
Q

What can pathology of the valaves result in?

A
  • Stenosis (injury to valve); failure of valve to open completely
  • Insufficiency (many causes); failure of valve to close completely
  • Vegetations (lumps on cusps of valves)
30
Q

What is calcific aortic stenosis?

A
  • Commonest of all valvular conditions
  • Dystrophic calcium deposits in vital tissue as a result of tissue inflammation, hyperlipidaemia.
  • Narrowing of the valvular orifice
31
Q

Why may valve replacement surgery be risky?

A

patient may be on anticoagulants
infective endocarditis

32
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease?

A
  • Results from rheumatic fever
  • Immune reaction against Streptococcus A antigens that cross react with host proteins in various tissues (valve).
  • Similar to autoimmune disease
  • Damage caused by a combination of type 2 and 4 hypersensitivity reactions
33
Q

What are aschoff bodies?

A

Aschoff bodies are tiny fibronoid nodules in the heart muscle with inflammatory cells (T-lymphocyte) and modified macrophages (Anitschkow cells)
They are a hallmark sign of rheumatic fever.

34
Q

What is rheumatic valvulitis?

A
  • Inflammation of endocardium and valves results in fibrinoid necrosis/vegatations/ thrombi/ calcification due to strep infection
35
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A
  • Microbial infection of heart valves
  • Damaged or prosthetic valves are particularly susceptible
  • Oral pathogens may be implicated
  • Streptococcus viridens; Staphylococci aureus
  • Vegetations formed on cusps contain fibrin, inflammatory cells and infective pathogens
  • Can cause infective emboli
36
Q

What can antibiotics used against infective endocarditis cause?

A

huge amounts of antibiotics can cause anaphalytic shock

2 - Diseases Of The Human System (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions