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Body systems- cardiology > CV introduction > Flashcards

CV introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the use of the CV system?

A

Responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells and waste products from cells.

  • Deliver products for respiration and cellular activity = O2 and Nutrients
  • Remove by-products of cellular activity = CO2 and Waste
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2
Q

What are the components of the CVS?

A

Pump – specialised muscle (actually 2 pumps)

Closed system of tubes – carry blood to/from capillary beds

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3
Q

What are the two circulations of the CVS?

A
  1. Systemic

2. Pulmonary

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4
Q

What is the pulmonary pump?

A

Pulmonary circulatory system- blood coming back towards right atrium of the heart to the heart from lungs goes back to left side of heart and then around the whole body.
Blood going round to and from lungs- pulmonary circulation

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5
Q

What is the systemic pump?

A

Pump out body- systemic circulation- blood to the body

Can divide pump to R and L side- R deoxygenated blood L oxygenated blood

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6
Q

What are the conducting system vasculature tubes?

A

Arteries – take blood away from heart

Veins – take blood to the heart

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7
Q

What is the exchange system where diffusion occurs?

A

Exchange System = Capillary beds (where diffusion occurs)
Link smallest arterioles to smallest venules
Forms a continuous exchange system between blood and extracellular fluid

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8
Q

What are the two CVS functional parts?

A

Conducting and exchange.

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9
Q

What are the components of inside the heart?

A

R atrium receives deoxygenated blood by the body by sup and inferior vena cava. How we get our venous blood. Pass the blood through the R ventricle through the valve. Valve between atrium and ventricles is atrioventricular valve. Right V blood ejected into pulmonary trunk- one trunk which divides into R and L pulmonary artery- this goes towards the lungs- as poorly oxygenated needs to be oxygenated then goes back to heart. Goes into heart by pulmonary veins – left atrium then left ventricle by passing though atrioventricular valve. Left V blood ejected to the whole body by the aorta and branches off to areas of the body.

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10
Q

What does the heart reside in?

A

Heart resides in a sac- pericardial sac- pericardium

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11
Q

What are the structures of the RA?

Interatrial septum?
Pectinate muscles?
Fossa ovalis?
SVC?
Opening for coronary sinus?
A

Interatrial septum- wall separating R and L atrium- separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Pectinate muscles- muscular ridges for contraction and preventing over distending

Fossa ovalis- Indentation in the wall- used to be a hole in embryology

SVC- superior vena cava empties oxygenated blood into R atrium- comes from the whole body

Opening for coronary sinus- getting deoxygenated blood from R atrium and heart is a muscles will have venous blood- where venous blood form heart muscle empties in the R atrium- blood from the body and heart

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12
Q

What are the structures of the RV?

RAV?

Papillary muscles?

Chordae tendineae?

Semi-lunar valves?

A

RAV valve- valve has 3 cups to it- tricuspid valve- once blood forced through tricuspid valve enters RV- have muscular elevations called trabeculae carneae

Papillary muscles- Papillary muscles from trabeculae carnaea- attached to tricuspid valves by chordae tendineae

Chordae tendineae-
Blood pushes through valve and connected to papillary muscles by chordae tendineae. Chords do not pull valve open, force of atria contracting pushes blood through leaflets
When ventricles contract, chords prevent permeation into atria – holds leaflets taut during ventricular systole = no backflow

Three semilunar valves (tricuspid valve) - Captures residual blood in pulmonary trunk, prevents it from flowing back into ventricle

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13
Q

What is thicker the LV or RV? Why?

A

Function of RHS and LHS of heart- RV pumps blood to the lungs- LHS of heart has to pump blood at higher P all around the body.
Compare thickness of all- LV a lot thicker than RV

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14
Q

What are three structures of the aorta split into?

A
  1. Ascending
  2. Arch – H&N and UL
  3. Descending – Trunk and LL
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15
Q

What are the arteries that come out of the arch of the aorta?

A

Left branch (brachiocephalic trunk)- splits into 2- R Subclavian artery on left and R common carotid artery on right

Middle- Left common carotid artery

Right- Left Subclavian artery

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16
Q

What are the two coronary arteries from the ascending aorta?

A

RCA and LCA

Coronary arteries supply the heart- all branches start form R and L
Coronary vessels important as supply heart muscle and conducting part of the heart – sinoatrial and atrioventricular node

17
Q

What is ischaemia and how does it occur?

A

Sudden blockage may lead to Ischaemia- Reduced/inadequate blood supply

18
Q

What can ischaemia lead to?

A

Myocardial Infarction
Infarcted = blood less
Results in necrosis (death of all cells/ tissues in an organ)

19
Q

What happens if the vessels are narrowed by fatty plaques?

A

Coronary HD

20
Q

What are the 3 vascular places of the descending aorta?

A 
A = Ventral, unpaired arteries to gastrointestinal tract (e.g.: coeliac trunk)
B = Paired, arteries to paired internal organs (e.g.: kidneys/gonads)
C = Paired, segmental arteries to body wall (e.g.: intercostal arteries)
21
Q

What does coarctation of the aorta lead to?

A

Collateral circulation

22
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A
  • Abnormal narrowing (stenosis)
  • Decreases blood flow to inferior body
  • Collateral circulation can develop between proximal and distal aorta via intercostal and internal thoracic arteries
23
Q

What is coarctation?

A

Coarctation= narrowing- don’t get enough blood through aorta to the body- create collateral blood supply

Coarctation causes diversion of blood through smaller blood vessels- overtime can become dilated with that blood
All blood from coarctation- increases P – ends up in subclavian- either side of sternum is the internal thoracic artery- which goes into anterior intercostal arteries supplying the thoracic wall

Due to collateral blood supply takes different route increased amount in subclavian and anterior thoracic intercostal and posterior intercostal arteries- instead of going directly from the aorta

24
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

Anastomosis- two vessels that supply the same area- can supply same capillary beds but can also meet

25
Q

Where does the descending aorta pass through?

A

Aorta through diaphragm = T12 (12th thoracic vertebra)

Divides = L4

26
Q

What are the arteries that supply the upper and lower limb?

A
  • Upper limb – Subclavian
  • Lower limb – External iliac
  • Single vessel to proximal part of limb
  • Divides to two major branches at elbow/knee

• Name changes depending on location eg. Subclavian g Axillary g Brachial

Closed network of tubes can have one long tube entering into the upper limb- one axillary to armpit region and one in brachial region so called brachial artery

27
Q

What are the veins that supply the upper and lower limbs?

A
  • Upper limb into subclavian veins

- Lower limb into external iliac veins

28
Q

What veins are used for coronary bypass?

A

Veins/ superficial veins- called long saphenous used for coronary bypass

29
Q

What veins cause DVT and what does it do?

A

valves fail can have veins in legs which engage with blood

DVT- blood can pull and form a thrombus

30
Q

What do deep veins surround?

A

Surround corresponding artery (accompanying veins)-Radial artery = Radial vein

31
Q

How do deep veins aid venous return?

A

Use arterial contraction and valves to aid venous return via an arteriovenous pump.

32
Q

How do deep veins maintain core body temperature?

A

Countercurrent heat exchanger

33
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

PVNT/LV

A

Lymphatic plexuses (amongst capillaries) to Lymphatic vessels (alongside arteries) to Lymph nodes to Thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct to Venous system

34
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

• Thin wall tubes that transport interstitial
fluid, bacteria, cellular debris & whole cells
(lymphocytes)

• Involved in spread of carcinomas

  • Lymphogenous
  • Patterns of lymph flow are important to predict or track back primary tumour

Body systems- cardiology (10 decks)

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