CV introduction Flashcards
What is the use of the CV system?
Responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells and waste products from cells.
- Deliver products for respiration and cellular activity = O2 and Nutrients
- Remove by-products of cellular activity = CO2 and Waste
What are the components of the CVS?
Pump – specialised muscle (actually 2 pumps)
Closed system of tubes – carry blood to/from capillary beds
What are the two circulations of the CVS?
- Systemic
2. Pulmonary
What is the pulmonary pump?
Pulmonary circulatory system- blood coming back towards right atrium of the heart to the heart from lungs goes back to left side of heart and then around the whole body.
Blood going round to and from lungs- pulmonary circulation
What is the systemic pump?
Pump out body- systemic circulation- blood to the body
Can divide pump to R and L side- R deoxygenated blood L oxygenated blood
What are the conducting system vasculature tubes?
Arteries – take blood away from heart
Veins – take blood to the heart
What is the exchange system where diffusion occurs?
Exchange System = Capillary beds (where diffusion occurs)
Link smallest arterioles to smallest venules
Forms a continuous exchange system between blood and extracellular fluid
What are the two CVS functional parts?
Conducting and exchange.
What are the components of inside the heart?
R atrium receives deoxygenated blood by the body by sup and inferior vena cava. How we get our venous blood. Pass the blood through the R ventricle through the valve. Valve between atrium and ventricles is atrioventricular valve. Right V blood ejected into pulmonary trunk- one trunk which divides into R and L pulmonary artery- this goes towards the lungs- as poorly oxygenated needs to be oxygenated then goes back to heart. Goes into heart by pulmonary veins – left atrium then left ventricle by passing though atrioventricular valve. Left V blood ejected to the whole body by the aorta and branches off to areas of the body.
What does the heart reside in?
Heart resides in a sac- pericardial sac- pericardium
What are the structures of the RA?
Interatrial septum? Pectinate muscles? Fossa ovalis? SVC? Opening for coronary sinus?
Interatrial septum- wall separating R and L atrium- separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Pectinate muscles- muscular ridges for contraction and preventing over distending
Fossa ovalis- Indentation in the wall- used to be a hole in embryology
SVC- superior vena cava empties oxygenated blood into R atrium- comes from the whole body
Opening for coronary sinus- getting deoxygenated blood from R atrium and heart is a muscles will have venous blood- where venous blood form heart muscle empties in the R atrium- blood from the body and heart
What are the structures of the RV?
RAV?
Papillary muscles?
Chordae tendineae?
Semi-lunar valves?
RAV valve- valve has 3 cups to it- tricuspid valve- once blood forced through tricuspid valve enters RV- have muscular elevations called trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles- Papillary muscles from trabeculae carnaea- attached to tricuspid valves by chordae tendineae
Chordae tendineae-
Blood pushes through valve and connected to papillary muscles by chordae tendineae. Chords do not pull valve open, force of atria contracting pushes blood through leaflets
When ventricles contract, chords prevent permeation into atria – holds leaflets taut during ventricular systole = no backflow
Three semilunar valves (tricuspid valve) - Captures residual blood in pulmonary trunk, prevents it from flowing back into ventricle
What is thicker the LV or RV? Why?
Function of RHS and LHS of heart- RV pumps blood to the lungs- LHS of heart has to pump blood at higher P all around the body.
Compare thickness of all- LV a lot thicker than RV
What are three structures of the aorta split into?
- Ascending
- Arch – H&N and UL
- Descending – Trunk and LL
What are the arteries that come out of the arch of the aorta?
Left branch (brachiocephalic trunk)- splits into 2- R Subclavian artery on left and R common carotid artery on right
Middle- Left common carotid artery
Right- Left Subclavian artery
What are the two coronary arteries from the ascending aorta?
RCA and LCA
Coronary arteries supply the heart- all branches start form R and L
Coronary vessels important as supply heart muscle and conducting part of the heart – sinoatrial and atrioventricular node
What is ischaemia and how does it occur?
Sudden blockage may lead to Ischaemia- Reduced/inadequate blood supply
What can ischaemia lead to?
Myocardial Infarction
Infarcted = blood less
Results in necrosis (death of all cells/ tissues in an organ)
What happens if the vessels are narrowed by fatty plaques?
Coronary HD
What are the 3 vascular places of the descending aorta?
A = Ventral, unpaired arteries to gastrointestinal tract (e.g.: coeliac trunk) B = Paired, arteries to paired internal organs (e.g.: kidneys/gonads) C = Paired, segmental arteries to body wall (e.g.: intercostal arteries)
What does coarctation of the aorta lead to?
Collateral circulation
What is collateral circulation?
- Abnormal narrowing (stenosis)
- Decreases blood flow to inferior body
- Collateral circulation can develop between proximal and distal aorta via intercostal and internal thoracic arteries
What is coarctation?
Coarctation= narrowing- don’t get enough blood through aorta to the body- create collateral blood supply
Coarctation causes diversion of blood through smaller blood vessels- overtime can become dilated with that blood
All blood from coarctation- increases P – ends up in subclavian- either side of sternum is the internal thoracic artery- which goes into anterior intercostal arteries supplying the thoracic wall
Due to collateral blood supply takes different route increased amount in subclavian and anterior thoracic intercostal and posterior intercostal arteries- instead of going directly from the aorta
What is an anastomosis?
Anastomosis- two vessels that supply the same area- can supply same capillary beds but can also meet
Where does the descending aorta pass through?
Aorta through diaphragm = T12 (12th thoracic vertebra)
Divides = L4
What are the arteries that supply the upper and lower limb?
- Upper limb – Subclavian
- Lower limb – External iliac
- Single vessel to proximal part of limb
- Divides to two major branches at elbow/knee
• Name changes depending on location eg. Subclavian g Axillary g Brachial
Closed network of tubes can have one long tube entering into the upper limb- one axillary to armpit region and one in brachial region so called brachial artery
What are the veins that supply the upper and lower limbs?
- Upper limb into subclavian veins
- Lower limb into external iliac veins
What veins are used for coronary bypass?
Veins/ superficial veins- called long saphenous used for coronary bypass
What veins cause DVT and what does it do?
valves fail can have veins in legs which engage with blood
DVT- blood can pull and form a thrombus
What do deep veins surround?
Surround corresponding artery (accompanying veins)-Radial artery = Radial vein
How do deep veins aid venous return?
Use arterial contraction and valves to aid venous return via an arteriovenous pump.
How do deep veins maintain core body temperature?
Countercurrent heat exchanger
What is the lymphatic system made up of?
PVNT/LV
Lymphatic plexuses (amongst capillaries) to Lymphatic vessels (alongside arteries) to Lymph nodes to Thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct to Venous system
What does the lymphatic system do?
• Thin wall tubes that transport interstitial
fluid, bacteria, cellular debris & whole cells
(lymphocytes)
• Involved in spread of carcinomas
- Lymphogenous
- Patterns of lymph flow are important to predict or track back primary tumour
