Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Peds Week 2 > CV-Heme > Flashcards

CV-Heme Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped by heart in one minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped by heart in one beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Formula for Cardiac Output?

A

HR x Stroke Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most important vital sign that indicates how child is doing?

A

Heart Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Foramen Ovale?

A

Opening on wall between right and left atrium on septal wall

Blood from left and right atrium to mix.

Closes after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is ductus arteriosus?

A

Connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch.

It closes off and turns into ligamenum arteriosus after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common heart anomaly?

A

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Some causes of congenital heart disease?

A 
Drug exposure:
~Lithium
~Depakote (valproic acid)
~ETOH
~Tobacco

Infection
~Rubella

Advanced maternal age (40 yrs +)

Chromosomal abnormalities
~Trisomies
~Turner
~Marfan 
~DiGeorge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In Congenital Heart Disease, pressure within the heart is ___

A

Right side greater than left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

There is less resistance in pulmonary circulation than ____ circulation

A

systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood flows from area of ___ to ____ pressure

A

high

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Abnormal connections change pressure result in ___ and ___

A

Left-to-right shunt

Right-to-left shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What defects cause increase in pulmonary blood flow?

A

ASD
VSD
PDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What defects cause obstruction of blood flow from ventricles? (blood cannot get out of ventricles)

A

Coarctation of aorta
Aortic stenosis
Pulmonic Stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What defect causes decreased pulmonary blood flow? (less blood going to lungs)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What defect causes mixed blood flow?

oxygenated and unoxygenated blood mixing together.

A

Transposition of great arteries

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most common hematologic disorder of childhood?

A

anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is anemia defined as?

A

Decreased RBC’s and/or Hgb concentration below normal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why does it take a while to notice anemia in children?

A

they adapt so well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are causes of decreased red blood cell production?

A

Nutritional deficiency

Bone marrow failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are causes of increased red blood cell loss?

A

Acute blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the causes of increased red blood cell destruction?

A

Intracorpuscular (Sickle cell disease)

Extracorpuscular (chemo, immunologic, infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do we treat anemia?

A

Treat underlying cause

Supportive care
~Oxygen
~Bed rest
~IV fluids to replace volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nursing care management for anemia?

A

Prepare child and family for lab tests

Decrease O2 demands
~assess energy level
~minimize excessive demands

Prevent infection

Support family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is iron deficiency anemia preventable?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why are adolescents at risk for iron deficiency anemia?

A

Rapid growth and poor eating habits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why are premature infants at risk for iron deficiency anemia?

A

Did not have chance to build iron stores during last trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why are children 12-36 months at risk for iron deficiency anemia?

A

Dietary changes from formula or breast feeding to cows milk.

Milk is not high in iron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why do we give vitamin C with iron?

A

helps absorb iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which iron is best to give?

A

Ferrous iron

31
Q

How do we administer oral iron?

A

use straw, or medicine dropper, and put in back of throat.

32
Q

How is iron injection given?

A

Z track
deep IM
Do not massage
1 mL in one site

33
Q

Can iron turn stool dark?

A

Yes

34
Q

If both parents have sickle cell trait, each offspring will have what chance of having disease?

A

25%

1 in 4

35
Q

Which hemoglobin replaces regular hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia?

A

Hgb S

36
Q

Which hemoglobin replaces regular hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia?

A

Hgb S

37
Q

What is the leading cause of death in young children with sickle cell disease?

A

bacterial infection d/t immunocompromise

38
Q

What are precipitating factors for a sickle cell crisis?

A

Anything that increases body’s need for oxygen or alters transport of oxygen.

39
Q

What are signs of a sickle cell crisis?

A

Fever
Pain
Tissue enlargement

40
Q

What is a splenic sequestration?

A

Blood pools in liver and spleen and not enough blood can get in to circulation.

Life threatening

41
Q

What are signs of splenic sequestration?

A

Profound anemia
weakness
hypovolemia
shock

42
Q

How is sickle cell disease diagnosed?

A

Cord blood in newborn

Newborn screen

Genetic testing

Sickle-turbidity test, electrophoresis

May be diagnosed as a toddler after acute respiratory or GI infection

43
Q

What is the medical management for sickle cell?

A

Aggressive treatment of infection

Prophylactic abx from 2 mo to 5 years

Monitor Retic count to evaluate bone marrow function

Blood transfusion (may reduce ischemia if given early in crisis)

44
Q

Why do we give iron chelation treatment for sickle cell?

A

Frequent transfusions increases iron in tissues (hemosiderosis). Iron is building up in tissue - chelation therapy binds to iron and gets excreted

45
Q

What drug is given to sickle cell patient?

A

hydroxurea

CYTOTOXIC

46
Q

What are the main treatment goals for sickle cell

A 
Pain Management
Oxygen
Hydration (oral or IV)
Rest
electrolyte replacement
47
Q

Hemophilia is an __-linked recessive gene

A

X

Affects only boys

48
Q

Which hemophilia is considered “classic”

A

A

49
Q

What factor is deficient in hemophilia A?

A

factor 8

50
Q

Which hemophilia is called “Christmas disease”?

A

Hemophila B

51
Q

What factor is deficient in hemophilia B?

A

factor 9

52
Q

What are some manifestations of hemophilia?

A

Mild to severe bleeding

ecchymosis, epistaxis, hematuria

53
Q

Why do hemophilia symptoms often not show up until 6 months of age?

A

mobility leads to injuries from falls/accidents

54
Q

What is hemarthrosis?

A

Bleeding into joint spaces of knee, ankle, elbow. Can lead to problems with mobility.

55
Q

How is hemophilia diagnosed?

A

Amniocentesis

Genetic testing

Labs: low levels of factor 8 or 9, PTT
normal: platelet count, PT, fibrinogen

56
Q

What is the medical management for hemophilia?

A

Limiting bleeding and preventing complications

Replace missing clotting factors

Corticosteroids if hemarthrosis

Transfusions

57
Q

What is the drug to treat hemophilia

A

desmopressin (DDAVP)

58
Q

What does DDAVP do?

A

Causes 2 to 4 times increase in factor 8 activity

Used for mild hemophilia

59
Q

Is there a cure for hemophilia?

A

No

60
Q

What are some interventions for hemophilia patients?

A

Close supervision and safe environment. Injury prevention

Dental procedures in controlled situation

Shave only with electric razor

Superficial bleeding: pressure for 15 min and ice to vasoconstrict

If significant bleeding, need transfusion

61
Q

What is the priority care for hemophilia patient?

A

Prevent bleeding!!!

62
Q

What is the treatment when hemophilia patient is having hemiarthrosis?

A

Elevate and immobilize joint

Ice

Analgesic

ROM after bleeding stops to prevent contractures

PT

Avoid obesity to minimize joint stress

63
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in children under age 14?

A

Leukemia

64
Q

What are the two main types of leukemia?

A

ALL

AML

65
Q

What is Acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

A

~Most common

~Peak onset 2-3 years of age

~Most common in caucasian and boys

66
Q

What is acute myelogenous leukemia?

A

Most common in children under 2 and adolescent

More common in males and Asians/Pacific Islanders

67
Q

What is the pathophysiology of leukemia?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow produce immature WBC that do not function properly

These cells fill bone marrow and spill into circulatory system, replacing normal WBC, RBC, & Platelet

68
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of leukemia?

A

Standard anemia clinical manifestations, but also:

large bone/joint pain
hepatosplenomegaly
lymphadenopathy

IF CNS INVOLVEMENT:
HA
vomiting
papilledema
testicle enlargement
69
Q

How is leukemia diagnosed?

A

Blood counts (anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia)
Bone marrow biopsy (immature/abn lymphoblasts)
Elevated Ca+, K+, Phosphorus

70
Q

What is the treatment for leukemia?

A

Radiation and chemotherapy

HSCT for AML
HSCT for ALL after relapse

71
Q

What is the prognosis for leukemia?

A

90% survival rate for low-risk

75-80% survival rate for high-risk

72
Q

What is the nursing management for leukemia?

A 
Assessment!!
Signs of bleeding/bruising/petechiae
Signs of infection
Renal function: spec grav, I*O, daily weight
Nutrition: diet, n/v, constipation
Oral mucosal ulcers
Behavioral changes
Pain/procedural pain
73
Q

What is the nursing intervention for leukemia?

A

Prevent infection!!

Monitor kidney function (watch for hematuria). Keep spec grav low to make sure they are hydrated

Teach: med administration, side effects, worsening condition

Family support: coping, support groups

Peds Week 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions