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BRS CVR > CV Disorders > Flashcards

CV Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic definition of HF?

A

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of body.

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2
Q

What is HFpEF?

A

HF with preserved EF.

EF ≥ 50%, ↓ diastolic function

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3
Q

What is HFrEF?

A

HF with reduced EF.

EF ≥ 40%, ↓ systolic function

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4
Q

What are the underlying causes of HF?

A

Secondary to cardiac damage (ischaemia, myopathy), hypertension, valve disease

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5
Q

Signs and symptoms of HF?

A

Exertional dyspnoea.

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6
Q

What tests can you do for HF?

A

Blood test: elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

CXR: cardiomegaly

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7
Q

Treatment options for HF?

A

Drugs that reduce the exertional pressure on the heart.

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8
Q

ECG findings for HF?

A

Not usually many.

Main one is an enlarged QRS complex.

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9
Q

Define atrial fibrillation.

A

Disorganised electric activity and contraction

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10
Q

Define Wolff-Parkinson-White.

A

Syndrome causing tachycardia & abnormal cardiac electrical conductance.

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11
Q

Underlying cause of AF?

A

Spontaneously active cells throughout the atria

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12
Q

Underlying cause of WPW?

A

Additional accessory conduction pathway (the bundle of Kent) between the atria and ventricles

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13
Q

Signs and symptoms of WPW and AF?

A

Palpitations and chest pain

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14
Q

What are the ECG findings for AF?

A

Absent p-waves & ‘irregularly irregular’ rhythm.

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15
Q

What are the ECG findings WPW?

A

QRS pre-excitation & biphasic/ inverted T-wave of ECG.

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16
Q

Treatment options for AF?

A

Strategies to maintain sinus rhythm (e.g. cardioversion, anti-arrhythmics, catheter ablation)

17
Q

Treatment options for WPW?

A

Benign, no treatment required

18
Q

Define a first-degree block

A

Slowing down of conduction through AV node

19
Q

Define a second-degree block

A

Reduced transmission of signal from atria to ventricles

20
Q

Define a third-degree block

A

Complete block of current from atria to ventricles

21
Q

What is the underlying cause of a conduction block?

A

Damage (fibrosis, calcification, necrosis) to the conduction system (AV node or His Purkinje system)

22
Q

What are the ECG findings for 1s, 2nd and 3rd degree blocks?

A
  1. Increased P-R interval
  2. Increased P-R interval or ‘missing’ QRS complexes, depending on type of block
  3. P-waves not followed by QRS complexes
23
Q

Treatment options for a conduction block?

A

Discontinuation of AV-blocking drugs (e.g. beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) or pacemaker implantation in severe cases.

24
Q

Which type of conduction block is a medical emergency?

A

3rd Degree Block
No QRS Complex
Need to treat immediately
(quite rare)

25
Q

Define hypertension

A

Clinical BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg & ambulatory BP daytime average ≥ 135/85 mmHg

26
Q

What is the underlying cause of hypertension?

A

Primary (essential): unknown

Secondary: resulting from another medical condition (e.g. kidney disease, adrenal disease)

27
Q

What investigation can you do to determine if a person has hypertension?

A

Blood pressure measurement: readings ≥ 135/85 mmHg

28
Q

Treatment options for hypertension?

A

Lifestyle changes followed by anti-hypertensive medication

29
Q

Define angina.

A

Chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis

30
Q

Define non-ST-elevated MI.

A

Myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis and artery blockage.

31
Q

Define STEMI.

A

Serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by severe atherosclerosis and complete artery blockage

32
Q

What is the underlying cause of angina, NSTEMI and STEMI?

A

Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischaemia (angina), artery blockage (NSTEMI) and then complete artery blockage (STEMI).

33
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of angina, NSTEMI and STEMI?

A

Angina: chest pain on exertion (stable) or at rest (unstable)
NSTEMI: chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting
STEMI: radiating chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

34
Q

What are the ECG findings for NSTEMI?

A

ST-depression/no changes & high troponin levels

35
Q

What are the ECG findings for STEMI?

A

ST-elevation with reciprocal ST-depression & high troponin levels

36
Q

What is the treatment option for angina?

A

Vasodilators

37
Q

What are the treatment option for NSTEMI?

A

Coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen & pain-relief

38
Q

What are the treatment options for STEMI?

A

Coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen & pain-relief (same as NSTEMI)

BRS CVR (15 decks)

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