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CV > CV Diseases > Flashcards

CV Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

restricted perfusion of heart due to atherosclerosis

A

angina

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2
Q

pan or discomfort - tight, dull or heavy and passes within a few minutes

A

angina

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3
Q

pain that radiates to left arm, neck, jaw, back following exertion or stress

A

angina

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4
Q

relief: GTN or siblingual nitrate

A

angina

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5
Q

prophylaxis: aspirin, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, long acting nitrates, ivabradine, nicorandil

A

angina

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6
Q

surgery: coronary bypass, PCI

A

angina

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7
Q

complications: heart attack, stroke, depression

A

angina

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8
Q

prevention: statins, ACEI, antiplatelets, lifestyle changes (to prevent MI/stroke)

A

angina

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9
Q

ischaemic necrosis of a tissue of myocardium secondary to occlusion/reduction of the coronary blood supply

A

acute MI

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10
Q

severe crushing, heavy, central chest pain

A

acute MI

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11
Q

pain radiating to jaw and arms, not relieved by GTN

A

acute MI

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12
Q

severe chest pain associated with sweating, nausea and vomiting

A

acute MI

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13
Q

caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

A

acute MI

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14
Q

treatment is MONA+C

A

acute MI

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15
Q

MONA+C

A

morphine (and anti-emetic), oxygen, nitrates, aspirin 300mg and clopidogrel 300mg

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16
Q

thrombolysis, PCI, CABG, angiogram

A

acute MI

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17
Q

complications: death, arrhythmia, aneurysm, inflammation, acute LVF, cardiogenic shock

A

acute MI

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18
Q

prevention - lifestyle changes

A

acute MI

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19
Q

low cardiac output from left side of heart (acute of chronic)

A

left heart failure

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20
Q

pulmonary oedema, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

A

left heart failure

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21
Q

tachycardia, fine crepitations, pleural effusion more common in chronic, third heart sound, cardiomegaly and bat wing shadows in lower zones on CXR

A

left heart failure

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22
Q

caused by ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease

A

left heart failure

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23
Q

diagnosed by natriuretic peptide test, echo, ECG

A

left heart failure

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24
Q

treated by lifestyle changes, loop diuretic, ACEI, beta blocker, aldosterone antagonist, digoxin

A

left heart failure

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25
Q

complications - arryhythmias, depression

A

left heart failure

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26
Q

IN ACUTE LVF

A

sit up, oxygen, IV furosemide, IV morhpine, but not in COPD

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27
Q

low cardiac output from the right side of the heart

A

right heart failure

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28
Q

peripheral oedema

A

right heart failure

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29
Q

ankle/sacral oedema, elevated JVP, hepatomegaly, ascites, normal CXR

A

right heart failure

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30
Q

often caused by LVF, cor pulmonale, congenital heart failure

A

right heart failure

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31
Q

diagnosed by natriuretic peptide tet, echo, ECG

A

right heart failure

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32
Q

treatment - lifestyle changes, loop diuretic, beta blocker, aldosterone antagonist, PCI

A

right heart failure

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33
Q

complications - arrhythmias

A

right heart failure

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34
Q

prevention - lifestyle changes, treatment of lung disease

A

right heart failure

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35
Q

acute onset of focal neurological signs and symptoms due to disruption of the blood supply (ischaemic or haemorrhagic)

A

stroke

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36
Q

face dropped on one side, weakness in one arm, speech may be slurred or garbled

A

stroke

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37
Q

sudden loss of vision, dizziness, difficulty swallowing, sudden and severe headache

A

stroke

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38
Q

caused by hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, smoking

A

stroke

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39
Q

diagnosed by CT and MRI, echo, carotid ultrasound

A

stroke

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40
Q

treatment - anticoagulant, vasodilator, statin, carotid stenosis

A

ischaemic stroke

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41
Q

treatment - haemotoma evacuation, craniotomy

A

haemorrhagic stroke

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42
Q

complications - DVT

A

stroke

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43
Q

intermittent claudication, critical limb ischaemia

A

peripheral arterial disease

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44
Q

hair loss, numbness, shiny skin, non-healing ulceration of feet and legs

A

peripheral arterial disease

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45
Q

caused by atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries

A

peripheral artery disease

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46
Q

diagnosis - ABPI (ankle-brachial pressure index), doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiogram

A

peripheral artery disease

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47
Q

treatment - exercise tolerance training, angioplasty and stenting, bypass/graft surgery, revascularistion, pain management, amputation

A

peripheral artery disease

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48
Q

complications - increased risk of MI/TIA

A

peripheral artery disease

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49
Q

infection of the endothelium of the heart valves, up to 25% mortality, acute or subacute

A

endocarditis

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50
Q

overwhelming sepsis and cardiac failure

A

acute endocarditis

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51
Q

fever, malaise, weight loss, tiredness, breathlessness

A

subacute endocarditis

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52
Q

Fever, Roth spots, Oslers nodes, Murmur, Janeway lesions, Anaemia, Nail haemorrhages, Emboli (FROM JANE)

A

endocarditis

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53
Q

predisposing factors - heart valve abnormality, calcification in the elderly, congenital heart disease, post rheumatic fever, IV lines, IV drug users, prosthetic heart valve

A

endocarditis

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54
Q

pathogenesis of endocarditis

A

heart valve damage > turbulent flow over roughened endothelium > platelets/fibrin exposed > bacteria settle and become microbial vegetations

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55
Q

3x blood cultures (before abx), echo

A

endocarditis

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56
Q

treatment - high dose IV abx

A

endocarditis

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57
Q

native valve, viridans strep endocarditis

A

benzylpenicillin and gentamicin

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58
Q

prosthetic valve, MRSA, enterococcus, staph epiidermidis

A

vancomycin and gentamicin

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59
Q

staph aureus

A

flucloxacillin

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60
Q

complications - infected vegetations break off and become lodged in next capillary bed > abscesses/haemorrhages (normally left side of heart)

A

endocarditis

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61
Q

prevention - abx prophylaxis

A

endocarditis

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62
Q

inflammtion of cardiac muscle, commoner in young people

A

myocarditis

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63
Q

fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, palpatations

A

myocarditis

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64
Q

arrhythmias, cardiac failure

A

myocarditis

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65
Q

caused by enteroviruses

A

myocarditis

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66
Q

supportive treatment

A

myocarditis

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67
Q

complications - heart failure, MI/stroke, arrhythmias

A

myocarditis

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68
Q

inflammation of pericardium, often occurs with myocarditis

A

pericarditis

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69
Q

chest pain is main feature, with fever, fatigue, nausea

A

pericarditis

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70
Q

pericardial rub

A

pericarditis

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71
Q

most commonly viral cause

A

pericarditis

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72
Q

symptoms, auscultation, ECG, CXR

A

pericarditis

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73
Q

treated with NSAIDs

A

pericarditis

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74
Q

complications - cardiac tamponade

A

pericarditis

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75
Q

hardening of the aortic valve

A

aortic stenosis

76
Q

SOB, chest pain, pre-syncope, syncope

A

aortic stenosis

77
Q

congenital, age related, rheumatic

A

aortic stenosis

78
Q

diagnosed by ECG, echo

A

murmurs

79
Q

valve replacement, transcatheter aortic valve implantation

A

aortic stenosis

80
Q

complications - heart failure, cardiac arrest

A

aortic stenosis

81
Q

back flow of blood through mitral valve due to floppy valves

A

mitral regurgitation

82
Q

SOB, ankle swelling

A

mitral regurgitation

83
Q

displaced apex, pansystolic murmur, maximal at apex and radiates to axilla

A

mitral regurgitation

84
Q

rheumatic heart disease, myxomatous degeneration, andocardits, chordal rupture, ischaemia/infarction of papillary muscle, LVH

A

mitral regurgitation

85
Q

treatment - diuretics, ACEI, digoxin, warfarin, valve replacement, valve repair, percutnaeous mitral valve repair

A

mitral regurgitation

86
Q

complications - heart failure, AF, endocarditis, pulmonary hypertension

A

mitral regurgitation

87
Q

hardening of the mitral valve

A

mitral stenosis

88
Q

SOB, tiredness, palpitations

A

mitral stenosis

89
Q

malar flush, tapping apex beat, mid diastolic murmur localised to apex

A

mitral stenosis

90
Q

caused by rheumatic heart disease (symptom history may be absent)

A

mitral stenosis

91
Q

treated with diuretics, beta blockers, digoxin, warfarin, valve replacement, mitral balloon valvuloplasty

A

mitral stenosis

92
Q

complications - right heart failure, cardiac cachexia

A

mitral stenosis

93
Q

‘soft’ aortic valve causing back flow of blood

A

aortic regurgitation

94
Q

SOB, chest pain, dizziness

A

aortic regurgitation

95
Q

high volume collapsing pulse, displaced apex

A

aortic regurgitation

96
Q

early diastolic murmur ar lower left sternal edge

A

aortic regurgitation

97
Q

caused by infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, marfan’s syndrome, acute aortic dissection

A

aortic regurgitation

98
Q

treated with ACEI, angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics valve replacement

A

aortic regurgitation

99
Q

complications - heart failure

A

aortic regurgitation

100
Q

heart rate less the 60bpm, regular

A

sinus bradycardia

101
Q

caused by high exercise tolerance (athletes), drugs, ischaemia (common in inferior STEMIs)

A

sinus bradycardia

102
Q

treated with atropine if acute, pacing if haemodynamic compromise

A

sinus bradycardia

103
Q

heart rate more than 100bpm, regular

A

sinus tachycardia

104
Q

caused by anxiety, hypotension, anaemia, drugs

A

sinus tachycardia

105
Q

treat underlying cause, beta blocker

A

sinus tachycardia

106
Q

p waves absent or inverted after QRS

A

SVT

107
Q

AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia, AV reciprocating tachycardia, ectopic tachycardia

A

SVT

108
Q

treatment - increase vagal tone, valsalva manoeuvre, carotid massage

A

acute SVT

109
Q

avoid stimulants, electrophysiologic study in young patient, beta blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs

A

chronic SVT

110
Q

‘added’ ventricular contraction, may be a marker of inherited cardiac conditions

A

ventricular ectopics

111
Q

caused by LVH, heart failure, ischaemic heart disease, electrolytes

A

ventricular ectopics

112
Q

earlier than expected, wide QRS complex, without preceding p waves, often followed by compensatory pause

A

ventricular ectopics

113
Q

treated with beta blockers

A

ventricular ectopics

114
Q

chaotic ventricular activity which causes the heart to lose the ability to function as a pump

A

VT

115
Q

palpitations, chest pain, pre-syncope, syncope

A

VT

116
Q

wide QRS complexes

A

VT

117
Q

treated with cardioversion/defibrillation

A

VT

118
Q

chaotic and disorganised electrical activity leading to an irregular pumping mechanism

A

AF

119
Q

can be asymptomatic, palpitations, syncope, chest pain, dyspnoea, sweatiness, fatigue

A

AF

120
Q

risk factors - heart valve abnormality, calcification in elderly, congenital heart disease, post rheumatic fever, IV line, IV drug users, prosthetic heart valve

A

AF

121
Q

irregularly irregular heart rate, atrial rate >300bpm, absent P waves

A

AF

122
Q

pharmacological cardioversion, electrical cardioversion

A

AF

123
Q

complications - stroke

A

AF

124
Q

blood pressure over 140/90

A

hypertension

125
Q

BP 140/90

A

stage 1

126
Q

BP 160/100

A

stage 2

127
Q

BP 180/110

A

stage 3

128
Q

DBP > 130

A

malignant

129
Q

causes - alcohol, smoking, obesity, dyslipidaemia, high salt intake

A

hypertension

130
Q

asymptomatic, sweating, headaches, palpitations, SOB

A

hypertension

131
Q

complications of hypertension

A

stroke, MI, retinopathy, kidney disease

132
Q

urine test, funuscopy (retinopathy), ABPM/HBPM

A

hypertension

133
Q

treatment - ACEI, beta blockers, CCB, thiazide diuretics

A

hypertension

134
Q

prolonged of PR interval

A

1st degree heart block

135
Q

progressive PR interval prolongation, followed by dropped QRS

A

2nd degree heart block, Mobitz 1

136
Q

dropped QRS but no progressive PR interval prolongation

A

2nd degree heart block, Mobitz 2

137
Q

dissociation between P-wave and QRS (lonely P waves)

A

3rd degree heart block

138
Q

paroxysmal AF

A

recurrence lasting less than 48hrs

139
Q

persistent AF

A

lasts over 48hrs but can be cardioverted

140
Q

permanent AF

A

unable to cardioconvert to NSR

141
Q

broad QRS complexes, deep S waves in I and V6, tall R waves in V1

A

right BBB

142
Q

broad QRS complexes deep S waves in V1, tall R waves in I and V6, abnormaal Q waves

A

left BBB

143
Q

IV atropine, temporary or permanent pacing

A

heart block

144
Q

asymptomatic if non-ruptured, severe back pain, hypotension, tachycardia, anaemia, pulsatile/expansile abdominal mass, discoloured peripheries

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

145
Q

treatment - lifestyle advice, endovascular stenting, fitness testing, open surgery

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

146
Q

PE-like features, ankle oedema, calf pain, swelling or redness,

A

DVT

147
Q

PTP scoring, d-dimers, doppler ultrasound

A

DVT

148
Q

treatment - anticoagulation, caval filters, TED stockings

A

DVT

149
Q

back pressure due to incompetent valves causes blood to pool in superficial veins

A

varicose veins

150
Q

caused by DVT

A

varicose veins

151
Q

treated with stockings or foam sclerotherapy or endovenous ablation

A

varicose veins

152
Q

local superficial inflammation with secondary thrombosis, often associated with varicose veins

A

thrombophlebitis

153
Q

pain, tenderness, redness, swelling

A

thrombophlebitis

154
Q

analgesics, elevation of limb, fondaparinux

A

thrombophlebitis

155
Q

central cyanosis (congenital heart disease)

A

right to left shunt

156
Q

pulmonary hypertension (congenital heart disease)

A

left to right shunt

157
Q

clubbing (congenital heart disease)

A

prolonged cyanosis

158
Q

paradoxical embolisms (congenital heart disease)

A

patent foramen ovale

159
Q

pressure in left ventricle greater than pressure in right ventricle

A

left to right shunt

160
Q

loud pansystolic murmur, LA and LV dilation, heart failure symptoms

A

ventricular septal defect

161
Q

superior part of septum near SVC/inferior part of septum near IVC

A

sinus venosus defect

162
Q

mid septum (fossa ovalis, not the same as patent foramen ovale

A

ostium secendum defect

163
Q

lower part of atrial septum

A

ostium primum (AV septum) defect

164
Q

dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, atrial arrhythmias from aatrial dilation, RV heave, pulmonary mid-systolic murmur

A

atrial septal defect

165
Q

persistent communication between pulmonary artery and descending aorta (left to right shunt)

A

patent ductus arteriosus

166
Q

bounding pulse, machine gun murmur

A

patent ductus arteriosus

167
Q

narrowing of aorta at/just distal to insertion of ductus arteriosus

A

coarctation of the aorta

168
Q

associated withbicuspid aortic valve, PDA, VSD, mitral valve disease, circle of willis aneurysm

A

coarctation of the aorta

169
Q

headaches, nosebleeds, diminished/absent lower limb pulses, rib-notching of CXR

A

coarctation of the aorta

170
Q

VSD, overriding aorta, RV outflow obstruction, RV hypertrophy

A

tetralogy of fallot

171
Q

cyanosis due to increased right-sided pressure (right to left shunt)

A

tetralogy of fallot

172
Q

squatting relieves spasm of muscle (postural manoeuvres)

A

tetralogy of fallot

173
Q

harsh systolic ejection murmur, often associated with a left parasternal heave

A

tetralogy of fallot

174
Q

right ventricle gives rise to the aorta, left ventricle gives rise to pulmonary artery

A

transposition of the great vessels

175
Q

babies born cyanosed

A

transposition of great vessels

176
Q

hypertrophy of the myocardium in the absence of other disease

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

177
Q

double apex pulsation, S4, chest pain, dyspnoea, syncope, jerky carotid pulse, systolic murmur, LV outflow obstruction

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

178
Q

treatment - beta blockers +/- verapamil, amiodarone

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

179
Q

dilation of ventricles with systolic dysfunction, with preserved wall thickness

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

180
Q

arrhythmias, heart failure, thromboembolism

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

181
Q

fatty/fibro-fatty replacement of myocytes leading to partial or complete RV dilation, LV can be involved

A

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

182
Q

ventricular arrhythmias, syncope, RHF in later stages

A

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

183
Q

T-wave inversion, epsilon waves after QRS comples, RBBB

A

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

184
Q

treated with beta-blockers for non-life threatening arrhythmias, amiodarone or sotalol for symptomatic arrhythmias

A

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

185
Q

decresed volume of both ventricles with bi-atrial enlargement, normal wall thickness, impaired filling

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

186
Q

heart failure symptoms, hepatic enlargment, ascites

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

187
Q

CXR shows pulmonary venous congestion, echo shows impaired ventricle filling, ECG shows low-voltage QRS

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

CV (3 decks)

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