CV diseases Flashcards
What is congenital HD?
General term for range of birth defects that affect normal way heart works.
What are risk factors of congenital HD?
-downs syndrome
-infections during pregnancy
-medicine during pregnancy (statins)
-smoking or drinking in pregnancy
What are atrial septal defects (ASD)?
Hole between upper heart chambers.
Oxygenated blood from systemic enters pulmonary circulation (usually acyanotic)
How to solve ASD?
Can damage heart and lungs and could need surgery.
What is secundum?
Most common type of ASD (occurs in middle of astral septum)
What is primum?
Affects lower part of wall between upper heart chambers.
What is sinus venosus?
Rare ASD, deficiency in myocardial wall separating right pulmonary veins from superior vena cava.
What is coronary sinus?
Rare ASD, deficiency in myocardial wall separating coronary sinus and left atrium.
What are ventricular septal defects (VSD)?
People have hole between lower heart chambers.
Oxygenated blood goes from systemic and enters pulmonary (may require surgery).
What is conoventricular VSD?
Hole occurs where portions of ventricular septum should meet below aortic and pulmonary valves.
What is perimembranous VSD?
Hole in upper section of the ventricular septum.
What is inlet VSD?
Hole in septum near where blood enters ventricles via TV and MV.
What is muscular VSD?
Hole in lower muscular part of VS (most common).
What is patent ductus ateriosus (PDA)?
Hole between aorta and pulmonary artery (oxygenated from systemic enters pulmonary).
What is aortic stenosis?
AV narrowed, reduced blood flow out of heart, LVH, tachycardia, palps
What is pulmonary stenosis?
PV narrowed, reduced blood flow out of heart, RVH, dyspnea, fatigue, syncope
What is a dilated cardiomyopathy?
LV becomes enlarged, reduced pumping efficiency (leads to valve problems, blood clots, lung congestion)
What are inflammatory conditions?
-endocarditis
-myocarditis
-peridcarditis
What is endocarditis?
Rare, infection of inner lining of heart (damage valves), bacterial infection.
What is myocarditis?
Inflammation of myocardium, linked to viral infection, sometimes drug reaction, enlargement of heart, chest pain, dyspnea
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of pericarditis (fluid in pericardial space), limitation to venous return and CO (swelling), cardiac tamponade, severe hypotension.
What is epidemiology of atherosclerosis?
More morbidity than any other disorder in the western world.
Complications are CHD, peripheral arterial disease and stroke.
Aetiology of atherosclerosis?
Chronic inflammatory condition that affects large and medium sized vessels. Hardening of arteries because of formation of fibrofatty legions in intimal lining (exact cause unknown).
Risk factors of atherosclerosis?
-age
-family history of premature CHD
-smoking
-hypertension
-obesity
-diabetes
-low exercise
Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis?
-Endothelial dysfunction (increased permeability and leucocyte adhesion)
-lipid accumulation in intima and macrophage engulfment of lipids
-smooth muscle migration from media to intimacy
-smooth muscle proliferation (deposition of collagen)
-development of fibrous plaque with lipid core
What is stable plaque?
Obstructs blood flow, associated with stable angina.
What is unstable plaque?
Can rupture causing platelet adhesion and thrombus formation (unstable angina and MI).
What is unstable angina?
Symptoms at rest, ECG changes.
What is a non- ST segment elevation MI?
Myocardial damage present, severe ischaemia.
What is chronic stable angina?
Fixed atherosclerotic obstruction, increased work demands on heart which is relieved at rest.
What is variant angina?
Results from spasms of the coronary arteries or other dysfunctions.
What is silent myocardial ischaemia?
Occurs without symptoms.
What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Obstruction of large arteries that supply body’s periphery, atherosclerotic blockages of lower extremities.
Causes acute or chronic ischaemia.
