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CEP > CV Anatomy Review > Flashcards

CV Anatomy Review Flashcards

1
Q

Heart function

A

creates pressure to pump blood

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2
Q

Purposes of the cardiorespiratory system

A

Transport O2 and nutrients to tissues

Removal of CO2 wastes from tissues

Regulation of body temperature

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3
Q

Capillaries function

A

responsible for all exchange of O2, CO2, and nutrients with tissues

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4
Q

Myocardium receives blood via

A

coronary arteries

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5
Q

Coronary arteries are responsible for

A

meeting high demand for oxygen and nutrients

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6
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

blockage in coronary blood flow results in cell damage

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7
Q

Plasma

A

liquid portion of blood

contains ions, proteins, hormones

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8
Q

Red blood cells

A

contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen

largest fraction of cells in the blood

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9
Q

White blood cells

A

Important in preventing infection

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10
Q

Platelets

A

important in blood clotting

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11
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of blood composed of RBC

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12
Q

What percentage of hematocrit is blood?

A

42%

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13
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase

Ejection of blood

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14
Q

How much blood is ejected from ventricles per beat?

A

2/3

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15
Q

Why does 1/3 blood remain in the ventricle after contraction?

A

to prevent collapse

keeps structural integrity

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16
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation phase
Filling with blood

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17
Q

At rest, which part of the heart cycle is longer?

A

diastole is longer than systole

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18
Q

During exercise, what happens to diastole and systole?

A

both are shortened

diastole shortens more

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19
Q

What is normal arterial blood pressure?

A

<120/<80 mmHg

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20
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure generated during ventricular contraction

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21
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation

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22
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic

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23
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

Average pressure in the arteries during cardiac cycle at rest

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24
Q

Contraction of the heart depends on

A

electrical stimulation of the myocardium

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25
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

SA node

Part of conduction system

pacemaker, initiates depolarization

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26
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

AV node

Part of conduction system

Passes depolarization to ventricles

27
Q

Why is there a brief delay between the SA and AV node?

A

to allow for ventricular filling (blood transfer from atria to ventricle)

28
Q

Bundle branches

A

extend from AV node

connect atria to left and right ventricular

29
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

spread wave of depolarization throughout ventricles

30
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system releases Ach on SA node via the

A

vagus nerve

31
Q

How does the PNS slow HR?

A

by inhibiting SA and AV node

32
Q

Decrease in parasympathetic tone =

A

increase in HR (this typically causes rise in HR up to ~ 100 bpm)

33
Q

Sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine via

A

cardiac accelerator nerves

34
Q

Sympathetic nervous system increases HR by

A

stimulating SA and AV node (this typically causes rise in HR beyond 100 bpm)

35
Q

How does HR respond at onset of exercise?

A
  • initial increase due to parasympathetic withdrawal
  • later increase due to SNS stimulation
36
Q

Heart rate variability

A

how well sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are coordinating

standard deviation of the R-R interval on an EKG

37
Q

Wide variation in HRV…

A

is considered healthy (reflects “autonomic balance”)

collaboration most of the time

38
Q

Low HRV is a predictor of

A

cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with existing cardiovascular disease

39
Q

Low HRV

A

SNS or PNS takes precedent most of the time

40
Q

Cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

41
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Q = HR x SV

product of heart rate and stroke volume

42
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected in each beat

43
Q

CO depends on

A

training state and gender

44
Q

End-Diastolic Volume

A

Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (aka “preload”), at the end of filling

45
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism

A

greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction
- due to stretch of ventricles

46
Q

EDV is dependent on

A

venous return

47
Q

Venous return is increased by

A
  • Venoconstriction
  • Skeletal muscle pump
  • Respiratory pump
48
Q

Venoconstriction

A

increased pressure in veins

49
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the veins toward the heart

50
Q

What is the function of one-way valves in veins?

A

prevent backflow of blood

51
Q

Respiratory pump

A

breathing puts pressure on veins in thoracic cavity, increases pressure… pushes blood towards the heart

52
Q

What do changes in thoracic pressure do?

A

pull blood toward heart

53
Q

Stroke Volume is dependent on 3 factors

A
  1. EDV
  2. Average aortic blood pressure
  3. Strength of ventricular contraction (contractility)
54
Q

Average aortic blood pressure

A

pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood (“afterload”)

55
Q

Strength of the ventricular contraction “contractility” is enhanced by:

A

circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine

direct sympathetic stimulation of the heart

56
Q

Oxygen demand by muscles during exercise

A

is 15-25x greater than at rest

57
Q

Increased O2 delivery during exercise is accomplished by:

A
  1. Increased cardiac output
  2. Redistribution of blood flow
    - from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle
58
Q

CO during exercises increases due to

A

increased HR (linear increase to max)

increased SV

59
Q

Max heart rate adult equation

A

220-age (years)

60
Q

Increase in SV during exercise

A

increase, then plateau at 40-60% VO2 max

no plateau in highly trained subjects

61
Q

Transition from rest to exercise

A

Rapid increase in HR, SV, CO

Plateau in submaximal (below lactate threshold) exercise

62
Q

Transition from exercise to recovery

A

Decrease in HR, SV, and CO toward resting levels

Depends on:
- Duration and intensity of exercise
- Training state of subject (more trained = back to recovery faster)

63
Q

Regular exercise is cardioprotective, which means

A

reduces incidence of heart attacks

improves survival from heart attack

64
Q

Exercise reduces the amount of myocardial damage from heart attack by

A

improvements in heart’s antioxidant capacity (ability to remove free radicals)

improved function of ATP- sensitive potassium channels

CEP (2 decks)

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