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HTHSCI 1H06-B: Intro. to Anatomy & Physiology II > CV ANATOMY > Flashcards

CV ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CV system consist of?

A
  • Consists of cardio which is the heart (pump) & vascular which are arteries, arterioles, veins, venules & capillaries.
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2
Q

What are the 2 circuits that are attached in series?

A
  • Pulmonary circuit

- Systemic circuit

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3
Q

Where does the pulmonary circuit send blood to?

A
  • Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs, so that it may become oxygenated
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4
Q

Where does the systemic circuit send blood to & through what?

A
  • Sends blood to the rest of the body through capillary networks
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5
Q

What is the heart surrounded by & where is it located?

A
  • Surrounded by the pericardium

- Located in middle mediastinum

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6
Q

Where is the mediastinum located & where does it extend to?

A
  • Located b/w 2 pleural cavities

- Extends from sternum to vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm & b/w the lungs

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7
Q

What does the pericardium fuse w/ & what does this mean?

A
  • Fuses w/ the central tendon of the diaphragm

- Means that whenever you breathe, your heart goes for a ride

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8
Q

What does the pericardium consist of?

A
  • Parietal pericardium

- Visceral pericardium

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9
Q

What is the parietal pericardium?

A
  • Epithelial lining the actual pericardial cavity
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10
Q

What does the visceral pericardium do?

A
  • Lines the surface of the heart & is actually part of the heart wall
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11
Q

What do both layers of the pericardium secrete & what does this allow?

A
  • Secrete lubricating fluid (i.e. serous fluid)

- Allows heart to move around pericardial cavity in friction-free manner

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12
Q

What does the heart look like?

A
  • Looks like blunted cone, shifted to the left & tilted on side & covered in pericardium
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13
Q

What is the heart roughly the size of & what is it responsible for?

A
  • Roughly the size of a fist

- Responsible for pumping 4-5 L/minute of blood throughout body

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14
Q

What is located at the bottom of the heart & what is it formed by?

A
  • Apex of the heart is located at bottom & forms an “arrow-shape”
  • Formed by the tip of the left ventricle
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15
Q

What is located at the top of the heart & what does it give rise to?

A
  • Base of the heart

- Great vessels

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16
Q

What is mostly made up of the right atrium?

A
  • The right border
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17
Q

What is mostly made up of the left musculature of the left ventricle?

A
  • The left border
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18
Q

What surface is attached to the diaphragm?

A
  • Inferior surface
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19
Q

What does the Superior Vena Cava do?

Where does it flow into?

A
  • Major vein that brings systemic blood back from the upper limbs, the head & parts of the thoracic cavity
  • Right atrium
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20
Q

What does the Inferior Vena Cava do?

Where does it flow into?

A
  • Returns blood from the rest of the thorax, the abdomen & lower limbs
  • Right atrium
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21
Q

What can you see on the anterior surface of the heart?

A
  • Arch of the aorta
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22
Q

Where does the aorta arise from & what does it give off?

Where does it quickly dive behind?

A
  • Arises from the base of the heart
  • Gives off 3 major branches that will feed the upper limbs & the head
  • Dives behind the heart into the abdominal cavity & services the lower limbs
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23
Q

Why isn’t the aorta seen?

A
  • Its location is behind the heart
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24
Q

What structure comes off the right ventricle?

A
  • Pulmonary trunk
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25
Q

Where are the sternum & vertebrae location?

A
  • Sternum is out front

- Vertebrae is out back

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26
Q

What is the mediastinum locked in b/w?

A
  • B/w 2 bony structures & the heart is locked b/w them
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27
Q

What is performed when someone’s heart has stopped?
What do you apply pressure to?
How does the heart fill up w/ blood again?

A
  • Applied cardiac compressions
  • Sternum bc the person’s heart is located there- apply pressure & squeeze the blood out of it
  • When you release pressure
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28
Q

What can the mediastinum be broken down into?

A
  • M.A.P.S.
  • Middle mediastinum
  • Anterior mediastinum
  • Posterior mediastinum
  • Superior mediastinum
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29
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A
  • Junction of the manubrium
30
Q

Where is the body of the sternum found?

A
  • At level of 5th vertebrae
31
Q

What are the sternebrae?

A
  • 4 segments that fuse into the body of the sternum
32
Q

What is the mediastinum bordered by?

A
  • Sternal angle & 4 sternebrae located anteriorly
  • First rib located superiorly
  • 4 vertebrae (T5-T8) located posteriorly
  • Diaphragm located inferiorly
33
Q

What structures are located in the middle mediastinum? (M-4)

A
  • The heart (pericardium)
  • Ascending aorta
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Phrenic nerves (2 nerves that are innervating the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm)- bc they came from C3, C4- spinal levels that keep us alive
34
Q

What is the anterior mediastinum right by?

What structures are located in the anterior mediastinum?
A-1

A
  • Uppermost region, right by sternal angle
  • Tiny space & the thymus gland is located here- part of the immune cells where T-cells go to get educated, so they can fight viruses & bacteria
35
Q

What is the thymus gland very large in?

What happens when you get older?

A
  • In infants (as big as baby lung)- bc immune system is still developing
  • It atrophies, replaced by fat tissue & gets smaller & smaller
36
Q

What is the posterior mediastinum immediately anterior to?

What structures are located in the posterior mediastinum (P-5)?

A
  • Behind the middle region & anterior to T5-T8
  • Descending aorta → blood back from the left ventricle all the way down to the lower extremities & abdominal cavities
  • Esophagus → pathway for food b/w the oral cavity & the stomach
  • Lymph nodes → areas that drain fluid from the tissue & where immune cells say- “hey, I have been affected by something, should I amount a response to it?”- found in trachea & esophagus as well
  • Vagus nerve → arises from cranial nerves in skull & has to get through mediastinum & passes down w/ other structures such as the esophagus- to get into the abdominal cavity
  • Thoracic duct → separate set of vessels- called lymphatics- drain excess fluid from the tissues & return it back to circulation
37
Q

What is the superior mediastinum found b/w?

What structures are located in the superior mediastinum? (S-3)

A
  • Sternal angle & first rib
  • Arch of aorta
  • Esophagus passing by
  • Trachea-stops- bifurcates & sends 2 bronchi into each of the lungs
38
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A
  • 4

- 2 atria & 2 ventricles

39
Q

What is the most striking feature of the heart?
What does it form most of?
How can you tell how it sits in the chest cavity?

A
  • right ventricle
  • Anterior surface
  • When you find the right ventricle & have it facing you
40
Q

What feature does the right atrium have?

What is its purpose?

A
  • Ear-like appendage called an auricle that is hanging off the atrium
  • Allows any extra blood if returning from body during exercise
  • Get a lot of venous return & it needs to sit somewhere, so auricle expands to accomodate
41
Q

What structures drain in the right atrium?

A
  • SVC
  • IVC
  • Coronary sinus
  • Anterior cardiac veins
42
Q

What forms the apex of the heart?

A
  • Left ventricle
43
Q

Where does the ascending aorta come off?

A
  • Left ventricle behind pulmonary trunk & arches over the top
44
Q

What direction does the aortic arch go?

What direction does the descending thoracic aorta go?

A
  • Posteriorly

- Inferiorly

45
Q

Where does the PT carry blood to?

A

-To the lungs (anterior to the aorta) for oxygenation & waste removal

46
Q

What do the pulmonary veins do?

A
  • Return deoxygenated blood to the heart & from the lungs & drain into the left atrium
47
Q

What is the texture of the heart?

A
  • Not smooth on surface- indentations/grooves (known as sulci)
48
Q

What are the grooves on the heart called?

A
  • Sulci
49
Q

What do the inside grooves supply?

A
  • Vessels that supply the muscles of the heart-coronary circulation
50
Q

Describe the location of the coronary sulcus & what it contains.

A
  • Goes around the top
  • Left & right
  • Located: b/w the atria & ventricles on both sides of the heart (“crown”)
  • Contains: circumflex artery, great cardiac vein/coronary sinus, right coronary artery
51
Q

Describe the location of the interventricular sulcus & what it contains.

A
  • Located b/w the right & left ventricles
  • Anterior & posterior
  • Anterior: LAD (left anterior descending coronary artery), great cardiac vein
  • Posterior: middle cardiac vein, posterior interventricular artery
52
Q

In which sulcus do the main coronary vessels lie & why?

A
  • Interventricular sulcus
  • To protect them (against things like friction- don’t want the BV sticking out)
    • as heart contracts & relaxes
    • how you find in lab → see that there is fat that is running along BV as well
53
Q

How many types of grooves on the heart are there?

What are they called?

A
  • 2 types (2 of each type)
    • Coronary sulcus
    • Interventricular sulcus
54
Q

Where does the left coronary artery come off?
What lies in front of it?
What artery does it branch into?

A
  • Ascending aorta
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Circumflex
55
Q

What does the circumflex artery branch off of?
Which sulcus does it lie in?
What artery does it branch into?

A
  • Left coronary artery
  • Coronary
  • LAD (left anterior descending interventricular artery)
56
Q

Which sulcus does the LAD lie in?
What does it supply?
What is it often involved in?

A
  • Interventricular
  • Left & right ventricles
  • Complications
57
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch off of?
What does it go through?
What 2 arteries does it branch into?

A
  • Ascending aorta
  • Coronary sulcus located b/w the right atrium & left ventricle
  • Marginal artery → supplied anteriorly
  • Posterior interventricular artery → supplies posterior sections of right & left ventricles
58
Q

What is formed b/w the left & right coronary arteries?

What does it occur b/w?

A
  • Anastomoses

- Coronary sulci

59
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A
  • Connection or opening b/w 2 things that are normally diverging or branching
60
Q

What happens if the anastomoses are not as developed?

A
  • If we had fast blockage in 1 of coronary arteries (e.g. LAD), this anastomoses b/w right & left coronary arteries may not be enough
  • Equates to heart attack
  • If occurs slowly, then anastomoses may work
61
Q

What would happen if the LAD interventricular artery was fully obstructed?

A
  • May have a heart attack, myocardial infarction
    i. ) limits the amount of blood flowing through region & thus, if tissue cannot get oxygen & nutrients, will die

ii. ) LAD heart attack- known as “widow-maker”
iii. ) feeds most of LV- supplies most of the body
iv. ) lumen gets smaller & smaller (atherosclerotic plaque)- as you get older

62
Q

In the anterior view, what is one of the major coronary veins?

A
  • Great cardiac vein- travels in interventricular sulcus where the LAD artery lies as well
  • Branches around coronary sulcus where it joins w/ circumflex artery
  • Drains into coronary sinus
  • Comes up from bottom
63
Q

What is at the end of the great cardiac vein?

A
  • An enlargement known as “coronary sinus”- drains most of the coronary veins
  • Small cardiac vein, anterior cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein
64
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein travel?

What does part of the vessel lack?

A
  • Travels all the way to back of coronary sulcus- area of vessel that LACKS smooth muscle cells
    • don’t have smooth muscle cells- do not have muscles to alter diameter of vessel → so, in coronary sinus, it expands, but diameter not dependent on smooth muscle cells
65
Q

What is the pericardium & what does it consist of?

A
  • Thin, fibrous sac that protects the heart (outside surface of the heart)
  • Consists of…
    • Fibrous pericardium → very tough connective tissue
    • Serous pericardium → parietal pericardium (thinner) & visceral pericardium (thinner)
66
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A
  • Outermost layer
  • Dense, irregular connective tissue
  • Protects & anchors the heart
    • when we move around, it is connected to the diaphragm, so heart doesn’t just float
67
Q

What does the parietal layer of the serous pericardium do?

A
  • Secretes serous fluid

- Lines the cavity

68
Q

What does the visceral layer of serous pericardium do?

A
  • Secretes serous fluid

- Heart wall- referred to as part of the heart wall, epicardium

69
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A
  • Space b/w the parietal & visceral layer of the pericardium → pericardial cavity
  • Secretion of serous fluid & allows for friction-less movement of the heart in the pericardial sac (sliding)
70
Q

In a car accident, the steering wheel pierces the chest. What happens if there is bleeding into the pericardial cavity?

A
  • Build-up of blood in the space will not allow heart to fully expand & contract
  • Heart not able to fully fill w/ blood & release into body
  • Cardiac tamponade

HTHSCI 1H06-B: Intro. to Anatomy & Physiology II (1 decks)

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