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Patho Exam 2 > CV > Flashcards

CV Flashcards

0
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of PAD?

A
  • pain with walking, stops at rest — intermittent claudication (pain and cramping in legs)
  • pain with increased speed, workload, incline
  • diminished pulses, cool limb, pallor
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1
Q

What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

A
  • same as CAD, just blocking blood flow in periphery

- atherosclerosis - plaque builds up in peripheral arteries and occludes blood flow

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2
Q

When severe, what is PAD considered?

A

An occlusive disease

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3
Q

What are chronic changes in occlusive diseases? (Due to decreased blood flow)

A
  • thick nail beds, dry skin, muscle atrophy, decreased sensation, and decreased strength
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4
Q

What is one type of severe occlusive disease?

A

Critical limb ischemia

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5
Q

Characteristics of critical limb ischemia?

A
  • more likely to have this if have diabetes

- ulcerations, gangrene, pain, decreased functional capacity

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6
Q

What is commonly used to diagnose PAD?

A

Ankle brachial index (ABI)

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7
Q

How is ABI found?

A

Systolic pressure in ankle pulse divided by systolic pressure in arm

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8
Q

What are the categories for ABI?

A 
1-1.29 --- Normal
0.91-0.99 --- borderline
0.41-0.9 --- mild/mod PAD
0-0.4 --- severe PAD
*anything below 0.91 have some arterial occlusion
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9
Q

PAD treatment

A
  • risk factor modification
  • decrease CV risk
  • PROGRESSIVE EXERCISE
  • foot care — any small would could cause problems due to not being able to heal bc of lack of blood flow
  • angioplasty, bypass surgery, amputation
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10
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A
  • cardiac condition where vessel wall is weakened
  • localized dilation or out pocketing of arterial wall
  • as out pocketing increases, get increased wall tension and thrombi
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11
Q

True vs false aneurysm

A

True – deterioration of media

False – blood accumulates, disrupts vessel layers

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12
Q

What is a possible issue for aneurysm?

A

Longstanding HTN

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13
Q

Aneurysm characteristics

A
  • asymptomatic - first sign usually death or unrelenting pain in back in thoracic spine and in brain
  • palpable out pocketing in LE
  • severe abdominal back pain
  • rupture – poor prognosis
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14
Q

Treatments for aneurysm

A
  • monitor size and location

- grafting – resect aneurysm, graft

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15
Q

DVT

A
  • blood clot in venous system
16
Q

What are the parts of the Virchow Triad?

A
  1. Stasis of blood flow - limits muscular pump, immobility
  2. Endothelial injury - trauma
  3. Hypercoagulability of blood - oncologic disease
17
Q

DVT characteristics

A
  • can be asymptomatic
  • unilateral swelling distal to occlusion
  • pain and warmth from blood stuck in extremity
  • erythema
  • if bilateral may be systemic issue
18
Q

Thromboembolic disease risks

A
  • dehydration
  • malignancy
  • surgery/trauma
  • pregnancy
  • obesity
  • transatlantic flight
19
Q

What are treatments for DVT?

A
  • anticoagulation - blood thinners
  • filters - IVC filter prevents clot from moving
  • prevention – mobility, compression stockings (help prevent DVT post surgery and decrease pain)
20
Q

Pulmonary Vasculature disorders examples

A
  • PE – blood clot in pulmonary artery blocks blood supply

- DVT - blood clot in venous system - cause embolism from air, tumor, bone marrow

21
Q

Risks of pulmonary Vasculature disorders

A
  • virchows triad
  • > 60 yrs old
  • cigarettes
  • obesity
22
Q

Pulmonary Vasculature disorders prognosis

A
  • 10% die within one hour

- favorable for survivors

23
Q

Thrombus

A
  • travels and becomes an embolus - if embolus is large, can cause death
24
Q

Pulmonary embolism - where do they come from?

A
  • almost always come from DVTs

- clot broke off and traveled up to the heart to pulmonary artery and clogged

25
Q

What are symptoms of PE?

A
  • chest wall tight
  • shoulder pain
  • hemoptysis (throw up blood)
  • dyspnea
  • occur in 20% of pop
26
Q

PE tests

A
  • search for clot - Doppler
  • V/Q scan
  • chest CT
27
Q

PE Treatment

A
  • anticoagulation, fibrinolytics, compression garments, oxygen, mobility
28
Q

What is congenital heart disease?

A
  • heart defect in-utero
  • usually occurs in 1st trimester
  • not common in children (8/1000)
29
Q

Congenital heart disease etiology

A
  • 10% have genetic defect

- other causes - alcohol, diabetes, viruses, hypoxemia, premature

30
Q

What are the two main types of congenital defects?

A
  • cyanotic and acyanotic
31
Q

Cyanotic congenital heart disease

A
  • affects oxygen levels

- impaired blood flow to lungs, mix of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

32
Q

Acyanotic defects

A
  • no oxygen problems

- shunt blood from left side of heart to right side

33
Q

Cyanotic defects

A
  • transposition of great vessels
  • tetralogy of fallot
  • tricuspid atresia
34
Q

Acyanotic defects

A
  • ventricular septal defect (VSD)
  • atrial septal defect (ASD)
  • coarctation of aorta
  • PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSIS (PDA)
35
Q

Patent ductus arteriosis

A
  • acyanotic
  • in fetus, ductus arteries is connects pulmonary a. to aorta
  • blood bypass lungs
  • goes from high (aorta) to low (pulmonary a.) pressure
  • oxygenated blood
  • right to left shunt
36
Q

What are signs and symptoms of congenital heart disease?

A
  • respiratory distress
  • cyanosis
  • grunting/wheezing
  • failure to thrive
  • signs of HF
  • SOB
37
Q

What are the diagnosis options for congenital heart disease?

A
  • prenatal scree - genetic disorders
  • ultrasound
  • echocardiogram
  • often occurs with other NM, MS, or organ issues
38
Q

PT Implications for congenital heart disease

A
  • assess activity tolerance
  • breathing patterns
  • HR response
  • posture
  • developmental milestones

Patho Exam 2 (1 decks)

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