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1006 - Microbiology and Infection Control > Custom Quiz # 1 > Flashcards

Custom Quiz # 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

One of the main mechanisms that is used by mucus to prevent infection is?

A

traps organisms

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2
Q

The urinary tract mainly resists bacterial infection by

A

the continual flushing action of urine

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3
Q

Pattern recognition receptors contribute to non-specific body defense systems by

A

recognising components of microorganisms as foreign

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4
Q

polymorphs are white cells that consist of the following 3 types of cells?

A

neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

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5
Q

basic cellular component of pus?

A

neutrophils

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6
Q

non-specific (innate) immune defense contains the following 5 elements?

A

complement, mast cells, opsoninisation, interferons and cytokines

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7
Q

protective effect of resident commensal microorganisms is called?

A

colonisation resistance

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8
Q

after having an initial infection, resistance to reinfection is known as?

A

acquired immunity

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9
Q

acquired immunity is characterised by?

A

being highly specific, long-lasting and dependent on lymphocytes

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10
Q

five major signs of inflammation?

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function

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11
Q

vasodilation and increased capillary permeability are caused by?

A

histamine

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12
Q

primary cell type involved in initiating the inflammatory response is?

A

tissue mast cell

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13
Q

group of proteins found in blood serum which act with antibodies to destroy foreign cells or bacteria

A

complement

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14
Q

the allergic inflammatory response begins when

A

IgE antibodies are produced after exposure to an allergen and then bind to mast cells

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15
Q

viruses are classified according to their genetic composition which are?

A

RNA based and DNA based organisms

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16
Q

four main types of microbes

A

viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi

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17
Q

yeast that causes thrush

A

candida albicans

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18
Q

most effective way to manage eucaryotic parasites that are common in a community is to?

A

understand the life cycle and then interrupt its growth and reproduction at vulnerable moments in the life cycle

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19
Q

examples of specific body defense systems against infection and foreign substances (list 7)

A

cytotoxic t cells
IgG
Antibodies
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
CD4 cells
Antigen Presenting Cells

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20
Q

which body defense mechanisms prevents the entry of pathogens into the body or to destroy them quickly if they enter.

A

non-specific (innate) immunity

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21
Q

example of a chemical mediator of inflammation?

A

quiz answers: histamine, prostaglandin, kinin and complement

vasoactive mediators - histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins C3a and C5a platelet activating factors

chemotactic factors - leukotrienes, c5a certain interleukins tumour necrosis factor, microbial components platelet-activating factor

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22
Q

main phagocytic cells in the body are

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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23
Q

role of opsonins

A

enhance phagocytosis

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24
Q

enhancement of antigen adherence to phagocytic cells

A

complement

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25
Q

the activity of a ___, in which histamine is release from mast cells

A

complement

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26
Q

the activity of a ___, in which causes lysis of foreign cell membranes

A

complement

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27
Q

activation of inflammation by chemotaxis of phagocytes?

A

complement

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28
Q

the body’s defences against any kind of pathogen

A

non specific resistance

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29
Q

what is an infectious agent?

A

particular organism that grows at a site which is not normally found, causing an infection

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30
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

organism that causes infection or disease

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31
Q

what is an epidemic?

A

break out of infection or disease in a localised area

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32
Q

what is a commensal microflora?

A

resident micro-flora at various site in the body that is beneficial and prevents new organisms (pathogens) gaining foothhold

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33
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

a suspension of killed or attenuated (weakened) organisms administered for prevention and treatment of infectious disease

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34
Q

what is an antibiotic?

A

substance produced by a certain bacteria and fungi that prevents the growth of or destroys other bacteria

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35
Q

what is an infection?

A

invasive and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues especially that cause local cellular injury

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36
Q

what is a prion?

A

one of several kinds of infectious proteins that cause transmissible neurodegenerative diseases

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37
Q

what is innate (non-specific) immunity?

A

immunity that has been present since birth

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38
Q

what is cytokine?

A

inflammatory cells and inflamed tissues which release a range of hormone such as proteins.

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39
Q

what is acquired (specific) immunity?

A

develops post infection providing immunity from re-infection from the same organisms

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40
Q

what is a leucocyte?

A

white blood cell

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41
Q

what is the definition of virulence?

A

degree of pathogenicity of an organisms and how quickly a disease can spread

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42
Q

what is interferon?

A

a protein that protects uninfected host cells from infection

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43
Q

what is an antibody?

A

a protein in the blood and bodily fluids secreted by plasma cells in response to a bacterial antigen.

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44
Q

define phagocytosis

A

engulfing and destruction of micro-organisms and foreign by phagocytosis in the blood

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45
Q

define complement

A

a substance present in normal serum which combines with an antigen-antibody complex to destroy bacteria

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46
Q

define pyogenic infection

A

infections where pus is formed usually caused by bacteria

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47
Q

basic component of pus?

A

neutrophils

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48
Q

lysozyme is more predominantly found in

A

neutrophil

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49
Q

natural killer cells are part of what type of immunity?

A

innate immunity

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50
Q

main function of inflammatory response

A

prevents the spread of an infection

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51
Q

redness and heat seen in an inflamed area are partly the results of?

A

increased blood flow to the area

52
Q

what is released during the inflammatory response?

A

chemical mediators (vasoactive and chemotactic)

53
Q

what are the key signs of inflammation?

A

swelling
redness
pain
heat

54
Q

in systematic inflammation, pyrogens function to?

A

stimulate fever production

55
Q

function of MHC class I molecules

A

allow the immune system to respond to antigens inside the cells

56
Q

when a MHC class I antigen complex displays a foreign antigen on the cell surface, it prompts the immune system to?

A

destroy the displaying cell

57
Q

often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen is?

A

IgM

58
Q

may initiate inflammation and enhance phagocytosis

A

antibodies

59
Q

antigens are more susceptible to phagocytosis as a result of?

A

opsonisation

60
Q

function of neutrophil

A

first cell to enter infected tissue

61
Q

function of monocyte

A

will become macrophage in tissue

62
Q

function of natural killer cell

A

lyses tumor and virus-infected cells

63
Q

function of eosinophil

A

cell that increases in number during a parasitic infection

64
Q

function of mast cell

A

nonmotile cells in connective tissue that promote inflammation

65
Q

where are b cells produced?

A

bone marrow

66
Q

define host when discussing infectious disease

A

an organism in which another organism is nourished and harboured

67
Q

define pathogen when discussing infectious disease

A

an organism capable of causing disease in another organism

68
Q

define bacterial colonisation

A

the persistent presence and multiplication of bacteria without tissue invasion or damage

69
Q

define bacterial exotoxins

A

bacterial proteins that are secreted by cells during growth

70
Q

define endotoxins

A

toxins within the walls of bacteria that is released when cells die

71
Q

bacteria can evade or evoke a less effective immune response from the host by ANTIGENIC VARIATION in which they?

A

alter their proteins or lipopolysaccharide carbohydrates on their surface

72
Q

bacteria can evade or evoke a less effective immune response from the host by MOLECULAR MIMICRY in which they?

A

express molecules on their surface that enable them to mimic host cells

73
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis evades the host defences by?

A

invasion of host cells

74
Q

pathogenesis of bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough, involves?

A

colonisation of ciliated cells
secretion of an exotoxin
proliferation of bacteria
difficulty clearing mucous

75
Q

most recent vaccination against pertussis uses

A

a toxoided toxin and adhesion proteins from the bacteria

76
Q

examples of antimicrobial

A

antibacterial
antiviral
antifungal
antihelminthic

77
Q

define minimum inhibitory concentration

A

the lowest concentration that will inhibit growth of the organism

78
Q

when we describe the spectrum of an antibiotic, we are describing how

A

bacteria have a susceptible component of their cellular structure and humans have a less susceptible target of action

79
Q

penicillin belongs to which type of antibiotic?

A

beta-lactams (β-lactam)

80
Q

penicillin acts to kill cells by

A

inhibiting the building of cell walls

81
Q

aminoglycoside antibiotics act to kill cells by

A

affecting protein synthesis at the ribosome to generate nonsense proteins which reduces cell wall integrity

82
Q

what are the common side effects of antibiotic use?

A

vomiting
diarrhoea
rash
thrush

83
Q

what mechanism does antibiotic resistance occur which can be caused by overuse of antibiotics in the community?

A

the bacteria produce enzymes that destroy the antibiotic and reduce the targets in their cells

84
Q

give 4 examples of a mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance between bacteria

A
  • person-to-person transfer of resistant bacteria
  • conjugated genetic transfer of genetic material between bacteria
  • transformation of bacterial genetic material
  • transfer of genetic material between bacteria by bacteriophages
85
Q

define subclinical viral infection

A

infection with a virus that produces an immune response but produces no discernable symptoms

86
Q

in order for a virus to produce an infection in a susceptible host,

A

sufficient viable virus must reach the host and overcome initial barriers to infection

87
Q

define endemic disease

A

the continual or habitual presence of disease

88
Q

define epidemic disease

A

occurs at a rate in excess of normal expectancy

89
Q

define pandemic disease

A

occurs all over a very large geographic area or the whole world

90
Q

define arbovirus

A

spreads by insects, ticks and mites, that are blood feeding

91
Q

human papilloma viruses (causes warts) are spread by?

A

minor trauma of the skin with direct contact

92
Q

successful method used to reduce the spread of arboviruses

A

eradication of mosquitoes and their breeding sites

93
Q

which route of viral transmission results is the fastest spread of disease?

A

inhalation of aerosol

94
Q

for which of the following reasons are aerosol-spread respiratory viral infections more common in winter

A

the colder weather allows the virus to remain active for longer

95
Q

what 4 methods effectively reduce the spread of respiratory viruses

A

isolation of infected individuals, facemasks, proper disposal of tissues and hand washing

96
Q

transmission of gastrointestinal viruses occurs more easily than for other viruses because they

A

survive longer outside the body

97
Q

2 main types of gastrointestinal virus transmission are

A

from contaminated food or water and person to person faecal oral spread

98
Q

sexual transmission of viruses is very efficient because

A

the virus is kept moist and does not have to survive long on route between people

99
Q

vertical transmission of virus is the spread of the virus from:

A

mother to neonate

100
Q

rubella and cytomegalovirus are examples of diseases that can be spread via?

A

the placenta to the unborn child

101
Q

for a virus, a reservoir is a place where

A

the virus can persist and be released to cause an outbreak of disease

102
Q

recent viral infection can be demonstrated by examining the serum of people and finding what antibody?

A

IgM antibodies against the disease

103
Q

give 4 factors that impact the epidemiology of virus infections

A

rapid air travel
sexual activity
weather
overcrowding

104
Q

4 general measures that are used to control viral disease are?

A

interrupt the spread of the virus
vaccinate against the virus
give antiviral medication

105
Q

4 general measures that are used to control viral disease are?

A

interrupt the spread of the virus
vaccinate against the virus
give antiviral medication
manage the person’s disease

106
Q

antibiotics are ineffective against?

A

viruses

107
Q

mode of action of antiviral medication

A

suppress infection and reduce symptoms of chronic viral disease

108
Q

passive immunisation against viral infections is achieved by giving patients

A

immunoglobulin from the plasma of individuals who are immune to the virus

109
Q

the problem with PASSIVE immunisation is that

A

the protection diminishes quickly over 2 to 4 months

110
Q

the advantages of having live virus vaccines are that they do not?

A

do not have to be injected
are cheap and usually require only a single dose

111
Q

example of live virus vaccine

A

measles

112
Q

example of a non-replicating virus vaccine?

A

influenza

113
Q

it continues to be difficult to produce a vaccine against HIV because?

A
  • no one has a natural immunity
  • no animals that are similarly infected
  • virus is diverse
114
Q

type of vaccination which reduces 60-90% but does not provide complete protection

A

influenza vaccination

115
Q

state 4 purposes of vaccination

A
  • ensuring that the cost of the vaccination produces a worthwhile benefit
  • preventing infection in at-risk people
  • considering the most appropriate age to vaccinate
  • preventing a disease epidemic

NOTE: IT DOES NOT CURE VIRAL INFECTION

116
Q

main problem with influenza vaccination is that?

A

it has to be recreated each year for new influenza strains

117
Q

does the broad-spectrum antibiotic REDUCE or INCREASE the body’s non-specific defences?

A

reduce

118
Q

what can cause secondary immunodeficiency?

A

process of ageing

119
Q

after having an initial infection, resistance to reinfections is known as?

A

acquired immunity

120
Q

define antigen

A

a foreign substance that activates the immune system

121
Q

asymptomatic carriers are infected hosts who contribute to?

A

the spread of infection

122
Q

define asymptomatic carrier

A

person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but shows no signs or symptoms

123
Q

virulence is a measure of a pathogen’s ability to cause?

A

disease or infection and is measured using the terms infectious dose (ID 50) and lethal dose (LD50)

124
Q

virulence is determined by what factors?

A
  • host mucosal adherence
  • resistance to defences
  • production of toxins and enzymes
125
Q

14 systems that are non-specific in their defence against infection and foreign substances

A
  • skin
  • lysozymes
  • stomach acid
  • lactoferrin
  • mucociliary escalator
  • phagocytes
  • natural killer cells
  • acute inflammatory response
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • complement
  • cytokines
  • normal bacterial flora
  • digestive enzymes
  • mucous membranes

1006 - Microbiology and Infection Control (21 decks)

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