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Spinal Final Exam > Curvatures of the Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Curvatures of the Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the anterior curves, secondary curves, and compensatory curves?

A

cervical curve and lumbar curve

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2
Q

What segmental levels form the cervical curve?

A

C2-T1

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3
Q

What segmental levels form the lumbar curve?

A

T12-L5

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4
Q

What is the traditional time of appearance of the cervical curve said to be?

A

During the last trimester in utero

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5
Q

What is the time during which the “adult” cervical curve is said to appear?

A

within the first year after birth

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6
Q

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?

A
  1. centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
  2. musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
  3. The head is held upright
  4. The intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
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7
Q

At what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect?

A

Usually between the third and fourth month after birth

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8
Q

What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?

A

the righting reflex

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9
Q

What is the location for the apex of the cervical curve?

A

typically between C4 and C5

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10
Q

What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?

A

Between occiput and C1

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11
Q

What is the vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement?

A

cervical curve C2-T1; cervical enlargement C3-T1

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12
Q

What infant activities are associated with the development of the lumbar curve?

A

crawling and walking

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13
Q

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?

A
  1. crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
  2. muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
  3. Intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
  4. Walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
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14
Q

Which sense is a requirement for holding the head erect, standing, sitting, and walking?

A

vision

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15
Q

What is the gender bias associated with lumbar curve convexity?

A

females have a greater convexity of the lumbar curve

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16
Q

What is the vertebral relationship between the lumbar curve and the lumbar enlargement?

A

lumbar curve T12-L5; lumbar enlargement T9-T12

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17
Q

What is the formation of the lateral curve often correlated with?

A

Faster development of the muscles on the side of handedness

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18
Q

What is the time of appearance of the lateral curves?

A

They appear after 6 years old

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19
Q

What locations of lateral curves are recognized

A

cervical, thoracic or dorsal, lumber

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20
Q

What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?

A

A right-handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination

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21
Q

What is the incidence of a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination in the population?

A

About 80% of the population demonstrates this

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22
Q

What generic names identified abnormal curves of the vertebral column?

A

lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis

23
Q

What is the definition of lordosis?

A

a forward bending condition

24
Q

What is the definition of kyphosis?

A

A humpback or hunchback condition

25
Q

What is the definition of scoliosis?

A

to the side (it is a lateral curve deviation)

26
Q

What is the clinical abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column were stressed in class?

A

military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback

27
Q

What is military neck?

A

A decreased anterior curve in the cervical region, a straight neck

28
Q

What is humpback or hunchback?

A

An increased posterior curve in the thoracic region

29
Q

What is swayback?

A

An increased anterior curve in the lumbar region

30
Q

What is classic classification of military neck?

A

A kyphosis

31
Q

What is classic classification of swayback?

A

A lordosis

32
Q

What does the use of the term lordotic try to imply?

A

A normal thoracic or dorsal and normal lumbar anterior curve

33
Q

What does the use of the term kyphotic try to imply?

A

A normal thoracic or dorsal and normal pelvic or sacrococcygeal posterior curve

34
Q

What does the term hyperlordotic infer?

A

An increase in the anterior curve of the cervical or lumbar region

35
Q

What does the term hypolordotic infer?

A

A decrease in the anterior curve of the cervical or lumbar region

36
Q

What does the term hyperkyphotic infer?

A

An increase in the posterior curve of the thoracic/dorsal or pelvic/sacrococcygeal region

37
Q

What does the term hypokyphotic infer?

A

A decrease in the posterior curve of the thoracic/dorsal or pelvic/sacrococcygeal region

38
Q

What are the curve classifications for military neck?

A

A kyphosis or hypolordotic curve

39
Q

What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?

A

A kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve

40
Q

What are the curve classifications for swayback?

A

lordosis or hyperlordotic curve

41
Q

What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?

A

magnitude, location, direction, etiology, structural scoliosis and non-structural scoliosis

42
Q

What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?

A

the Cobb Method

43
Q

What does etiology of scoliosis mean?

A

the cause of the scoliosis

44
Q

What is structural scoliosis?

A

A more radical form of scoliosis, it may worsen, associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc, frequently has a fixed angle of trunk rotation (ATR)

45
Q

What is nonstructural scoliosis?

A

A mild form of scoliosis, unlikely to worsen, not associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc and lacks a fixed angle of trunk rotation (ATR)

46
Q

What is the classification of scoliosis that is unique to the individual patient?

A

idiopathic scoliosis

47
Q

What does idiopathic scoliosis infer?

A

the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unknown etiology

48
Q

What is the incidence of idiopathic scoliosis in the population?

A

1%-4% of the population

49
Q

Based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?

A

infantile, juvenile, and adolescent

50
Q

What is the age range for infantile idiopathic scoliosis?

A

from birth to 3 years old

51
Q

What is the age range for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

A

over 10 years old

52
Q

Identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis?

A

left thoracic, male, less than 1%

53
Q

Identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

A

right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, and 80% incidence

54
Q

What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening?

A

The greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen

Spinal Final Exam (5 decks)

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