Current antibiotic resistant threats

Question 1

What are the “hazard level urgent” bacterial threats as classified by the CDC?

Answer 1

• Clostridium difficile: toxins A (apical) and B (basolateral)
• Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: contaminated foods, bacteria can live outside host well.
• Drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: gram (-) coccus, infects urogenital tract

Question 2

Name the different classes of bacteria that belong to Enterobacteriaceae:

Answer 2

• Escherichia coli/Shigella
• Salmonella
• Yersinia
• Proteus
• Klebsiella

Question 3

What do these abbreviations stand for, and what virulence factors do they have?
ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, and UPEC

Answer 3

ETEC- enterotoxigenic E.coli: LT-1 and LT-2: traveler’s diarrhea
EPEC- enteropathogenic E.coli: pedestals: non-bloody stools, infant diarrhea in impoverished countries
EHEC- enterohemorrhagic E.coli: shiga-like toxin: A/B toxin secreted in intestine shuts down protein synthesis, leading to cell death.
UPEC- uropathogenic E.coli: P1 pilli allow penetration into host bladder. (Coded for on pathogenicity island).

Question 4

Route of infection and symptoms of disease caused by pathogenic bacteria:
1. Shigella

Answer 4

Thought to be a set of E.coli strain. Individuals may shed pathogen for months. Shigella produces shiga toxins. Disease of primates. Diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. Problem in children, especially in developing countries.

Question 5

Route of infection and symptoms of disease caused by pathogenic bacteria:
2. Salmonella

Answer 5

Chickens and eggs are carriers, as well as other food/drink. 12-72 hours after infection the nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, and cramps start. Mild to severe illness lasts 4-7 days, but most people recover without treatment. If bacteria break through intestine to bloodstream, that is when the infection can become serious/deadly. Dramatic, powerful toxin.

Question 6

Route of infection and symptoms of disease caused by pathogenic bacteria:
3. Klebsiella pneumoniae/oxytoca

Answer 6

Ventilators and IV catheters are common carriers, and it can also be spread from person to person in the healthcare setting. Must enter respiratory tract to cause pneumonia or blood stream to cause bloodstream infection. Shiny, mucus-producing colonies. Has pili.

Question 7

Route of infection and symptoms of disease caused by pathogenic bacteria:
4. Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 7

Found on birds, about 47% of raw chicken contains it. Contamination happens when stressed birds poop, where it gets on feathers and infects the meat during butchering. Diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, and fever are symptoms. May spread to blood stream and cause life-threatening infections.

Question 8

Route of infection and symptoms of disease caused by pathogenic bacteria:
5. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Answer 8

STI. Men almost always show symptoms, about 1/2 of women don’t. Antibiotic resistance an issue (almost a third of all infections show some resistance). Lack of vaccine also an issue. 2nd highest STI (chlamydia is the 1st, but no drug resistance).

Question 9

Route of infection and symptoms of disease caused by pathogenic bacteria:
6. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 9

Distinctive blue color on agar plate, and smells sweet like crayons. Found all over the world. Infections generally occur in the hospital in people with weakened immune systems. Blood, pneumonia, and infections following surgery can lead to severe illness and death. (Blue fingernails, necrosis of skin).

Question 10

Route of infection and symptoms of disease caused by pathogenic bacteria:
7. Acinetobacter baumannii

Answer 10

Found everywhere (soil, water). Usually occur in healthcare settings. Can colonize wounds, cause pneumonia and blood infections. Opportunistic, healthy people rarely get.

Question 11

Route of infection and symptoms of disease caused by pathogenic bacteria:
8. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Answer 11

Opportunistic infections. Little is known about virulence factors. T2SS - emerging multi drug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen.

Question 12

What bacteria is curved, helical shaped, gram (-), and found in animal feces?

Answer 12

Campylobacter jejuni.

Question 13

What bacteria looks like coffee beans, and is a gram (-) coccus?

Answer 13

Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Question 14

What bacteria is a blue color, gram (-), rod, motile, and smells fruity?

Answer 14

Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Question 15

What bacteria is short, almost round, and rod-shaped?

Answer 15

Acinetobacter baumannii