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Science > Cumulative Review for Biology > Flashcards

Cumulative Review for Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Cell regulation

A

The process by which a cell maintains homeostasis.

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which an organism automatically maintains its internal workings.

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

A layer surrounding a cell that is selectively permeable.

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3
Q

Phospholipids

A

A lipid that is bonded to one or more phosphates. Part of the cell membrane.

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4
Q

Ion

A

Positively and negatively charged atoms.

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5
Q

Enzyme function

A

Enzymes are proteins that act to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.

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6
Q

Active transport

A

When material moves across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration and requires energy.

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7
Q

Passive transport

A

When material moves across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration and no energy is required.

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in order to reach equilibrium.

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9
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

When a protein channel in the cell membrane makes it possible (facilitates) for glucose to pass through it to diffuse across the membrane.

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane (most biological membranes).

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11
Q

Hypotonic

A

When a solution has a lower concentration of ions/lower pressure than something in it, such as a cell (the cell swells/busts).

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12
Q

Hypertonic

A

When a solution has a higher pressure/amount of ions than something in it such as a cell (the cell shrivels up).

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13
Q

Isotonic

A

When the pressure/ion concentration of a solution and something in it (cell) are the same.

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14
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

A pump in the cellular membrane that works to maintain equilibrium between sodium and potassium by exchanging the two elements each time it opens.

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15
Q

Evolution

A

The process by which animal species develop and change over time.

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16
Q

Eukaryotic

A

An organism that is a cell or cells that have DNA contained in a nucleus. Eukaryotes include every organism but eubacteria and archaebacteria.

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17
Q

Prokaryotic

A

A cell or cells in which DNA is not contained in the nucleus but floats the cytoplasm, and has no specialized organelles.

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18
Q

Darwin’s survival of the fittest

A

Charles Darwin developed a theory that said that animals with the best traits were the ones that survived. Therefore, the animals with the best traits went on to make new offspring who continued to have good traits.

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19
Q

Natural selection

A

Natural selection is the process by which animals evolve due to their environment, and is now thought to be the main building block of evolution.

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20
Q

Adaptation

A

The process by which animals change due to their environment.

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21
Q

Extinction

A

When all members of a species die off completely and are unable to be found anywhere on the planet.

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22
Q

Embryology

A

A theory that supports evolution by comparing the similarities between developing embryos of different animal species.

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23
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

A theory that supports evolution by comparing the bone structures of different species of animals and finding similarities.

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24
Q

Comparative physiology

A

The comparison of similarities of organs and things like vestigial body parts to prove evolution.

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25
Q

Genetic variability

A

When populations genetic variation tends to shift to one side or another dude to environment, competition, etc.

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26
Q

Gene (DNA) recombination

A

The creation of new alleles, usually due to crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis.

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27
Q

Unity

A

Unity (in biology) refers to the fact that all life started from the same cell.

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28
Q

Diversity

A

Though we all evolved from one single celled organism, many different classes, species, etc. evolved, bringing diversity.

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29
Q

Classification

A

The way that organisms are grouped in taxonomy.

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30
Q

Hierarchy

A

Species>population>community>ecosystem> biosphere

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31
Q

Classification subgroups

A

Kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>genus>species

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32
Q

Protein synthesis

A

mRNA is translated into protein with the help of tRNA and ribosomes.

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33
Q

Cell organelles

A

Organized special structures within a living cell.

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34
Q

Transcription

A

The act of making an RNA strand (mRNA) that is complementary to DNA.

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35
Q

Translation

A

A step in protein synthesis in which mRNA is decoded to produce the amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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36
Q

Replication

A

The process of duplicating a poly nucleotide strand like DNA.

37
Q

tRNA

A

RNA that assists in protein synthesis by transferring amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome.

38
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA translates mRNA into proteins.

39
Q

mRNA

A

RNA that results from DNA replication and carries the code needed for protein synthesis.

40
Q

Amino acid

A

Building blocks of protein

41
Q

Nucleic acid

A

The “chain links” of DNA and RNA.

42
Q

Protein

A

A macromolecule it contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes.

43
Q

Codon

A

A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.

44
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical characteristics of an organism.

45
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism.

46
Q

Meiosis

A

A process during which the number of chromosomes in a cell is cut in half through the separation of homozygous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

47
Q

Mitosis

A

When a eukaryotic cell divides and its nucleus splits.

48
Q

Chromosome

A

A threadlike structure in the nucleus that has genetic information that is passed between cells either through mitosis or meiosis.

49
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait.

50
Q

Allele

A

One of many different forms of a gene.

51
Q

Heterozygous

A

Containing both dominant and recessive genes.

52
Q

Homozygous

A

Containing either all dominant or all recessive genes.

53
Q

Dominant trait

A

A trait that manifests itself over another.

54
Q

Sex-linked

A

A gene located on the X and Y chromosome.

55
Q

Recessive trait

A

A trait that is less commonly seen and will not be shown if a dominant trait is present.

56
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When one allele is not completely dominant over another.

57
Q

Codominance

A

When both alleles of a gene contribute to the resulting phenotype.

58
Q

Independent assortment

A

The unrelated arrangement of alleles. For example, seed shape does not affect seed color.

59
Q

Law of segregation

A

A theory stating that homologous chromosomes separate and are paired later when gametes are being constructed so that offspring get one from each parent.

60
Q

Punnet square

A

A representation that calculates and shows the genotypes of two parents and the resulting genotype of an offspring.

61
Q

Pedigree chart

A

A chart that shows the occurrence or appearance of certain phenotypes of an organism and its ancestors.

62
Q

Reservoir

A

A place in which an element stays for a long period of time.

63
Q

Conservation of matter

A

A principle that matter cannot be created nor destroyed and that it continually cycles.

64
Q

Beneficial bacteria

A

Bacteria that make life possible or assist life in some way, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

65
Q

Ecosystem

A

A collection of all of the organisms that live in a particular place, together with the nonliving environment.

66
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants and other organisms, such as bacteria, use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and CO2 into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

67
Q

Respiration

A

A close relative of photosynthesis, cellular respiration is the way that cells make energy in the form of ATP in organisms such as animals.

68
Q

Chloroplast

A

A plant cell organelle known as plastid that contains chlorophyll and is the area in which photosynthesis takes place.

69
Q

Mitochondria

A

And organelle found in plant cells, mitochondria is the location of cellular respiration where energy is created.

70
Q

ATP

A

ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a molecule that, when it’s bonds are broken, creates ADP, and releases energy.

71
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate, or ADP, is a compound formed when the bonds of ATP are broken and energy is released.

72
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen to transport energy.

73
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

The type of cellular respiration that is performed when oxygen is scarce.

74
Q

Energy transfer

A

The translation of sunlight or ATP to energy.

75
Q

Chemical bond

A

A force of attraction that holds atoms together. Bond types in order from strongest to weakest: covalent, ionic, hydrogen.

76
Q

Organic compound

A

Any member of a number of compounds that contain at least one carbon atom.

77
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; a major source of energy for the human body.

78
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Energy is conserved when it is in a closed system because it cannot transfer out.

79
Q

Levels of organization

A

Species -> population -> community -> ecosystems -> biosphere

80
Q

Biomass

A

The total amount of living things/material in an area.

81
Q

Trophic levels

A

Producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer -> decomposers

82
Q

Symbiosis

A

Interactions between two living organisms

83
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms involved in a relationship benefit.

84
Q

Predator-prey

A

A relationship between organisms in which one animal catches and eats another.

85
Q

Limiting factors

A 
Factors that limit population. 
Density dependent factors:
Competition
Parasitism and disease
Predation
Stress/crowding
Waste accumulation

Density-independent factors:
Weather/climate
Periodic disturbances

86
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The amount of organisms that an environment can support.

87
Q

Exponential population growth

A

Population grows exponentially with no definite end.

88
Q

Limiting factors

A 
Factors that limit population. 
Density dependent factors:
Competition
Parasitism and disease
Predation
Stress/crowding
Waste accumulation

Density-independent factors:
Weather/climate
Periodic disturbances

89
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The amount of organisms that an environment can support.

90
Q

Exponential population growth

A

Population grows exponentially with no definite end.

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