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General Microbiology > Cumulative Final > Flashcards

Cumulative Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing organism

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2
Q

Decomposer

A

an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.

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3
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Direct manipulation of an organisms genome using biotechnology

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4
Q

Biotechnology

A

Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products

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5
Q

Characteristics of viruses

A
  1. They are obligated, intercellular parasites of bacteria, Protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals
  2. Acellular, not cell like
  3. Ultramicroscopic
  4. Do not have the characteristics of life
  5. Inactive when outside of host cell
  6. Basic structure- protein shell which surround a nucleus acid (core)
  7. Has DNA or RNA but never both
  8. Can be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA
  9. Have specificity
  10. Multiplies by taking control of host cells metabolic activities
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6
Q

Phylogeny

A

Family tree, pedigree

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7
Q

Helminthes

A

Parasitic worms

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8
Q

Taxonomic heirarchy

A 
Dear
Kings
Please
Consider
Ordering 
From 
Good
Scouts
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9
Q

Bioremediation

A

The use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introducing microbes to consume and breakdown environmental pollutants.

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10
Q

Six I’s of studying microbiology

A 
Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Information gathering
Identification
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11
Q

Types of microbial media

A

Physical state
Chemical composition
Functional type

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12
Q

Physical States of Mejia

A

Broth
Slant
Solid

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13
Q

Types of chemical composition media

A

Synthetic
Nonsynthetic- at least one ingredient is not chemically definable (natural)
Complex - combination of synthetic and nonsynthetic

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14
Q

Functional types of media

A 
General purpose
Enriched media
Selective
Differential
Reducing
Thioglycollate
Mobility
Carbohydrate fermentation media
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15
Q

General purpose media

A

TSA- tryptocase soy agar plate

Grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic

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16
Q

Enriched media

A

To grow fastidious microbes

Ex: blood agar

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17
Q

Selective media

A

Selects to grow or inhibit a specific microbe

MSA- encourages staph to grow

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18
Q

Mannitol salt agar

A

Selective media

Selects for staphylococcus

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19
Q

Differential media

A

Allows for growth of many different types of microbes and displays visible differences

MacConkey

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20
Q

Reducing media

A

Reduces oxygen

Thioglycollate media

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21
Q

Carbohydrate fermentation media

A

Contains sugars that can be fermented, converted to acids, and a pH indicator to show this reaction

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22
Q

Motility media

A

SIM

MIO

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23
Q

Resolving power

A

Resolving power is defined as the ability of a microscope or telescope to distinguish two close together images as being separate.

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24
Q

Macronutrients

A

a substance required in relatively large amounts by living organisms, in particular.
a type of food (e.g., fat, protein, carbohydrate) required in large amounts in the human diet.

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25
Q

Micronutrient

A

a chemical element or substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.

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26
Q

Trace element

A

a chemical element present only in minute amounts in a particular sample or environment.
a chemical element required only in minute amounts by living organisms for normal growth.

Trace elements such as iron, iodine, fluoride, copper, zinc, chromium, selenium, manganese and molybdenum are vital for maintaining health

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27
Q

Phototroph

A

An organism that uses light or radiant energy for its energy source

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28
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organism that uses organic compounds as their major source of carbon

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29
Q

Chemotroph

A

Organism that uses chemical compounds (organic or inorganic) as its energy source

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30
Q

Methanogen

A

a methane-producing bacterium, especially an archaean that reduces carbon dioxide to methane.

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31
Q

Saprobe

A

any organism, esp a fungus or bacterium, that lives and feeds on dead organic matter

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32
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration without the use of energy

facilitated diffusion is movement from hi to low but with the use of transporter proteins

Passive process

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33
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of solute molecules from hi to low

Passive process

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34
Q

Endocytosis

A

Import or engulfment of substance using vacuoles

3 types

  1. Phagocytosis - ingestion of solids
  2. Pinocytoais - ingestion of liquid droplets
  3. Receptor mediated endocytosis - import of substances using a receptor molecule
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35
Q

Exocytosis

A

Large molecules exiting through the membrane, excess fluid are released through this process

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36
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

a vacuole in some protozoans that expels excess liquid on contraction.

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37
Q

Psychophile

A

Cold loving microbes

e.g. Pseudomonas

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38
Q

Thermoduric

A

able to survive high temperatures; specifically : able to survive pasteurization

Thermophiles

Most spore-forming bacteria

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39
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical and physical processes of an organism

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40
Q

Apoenzyme

A

The protein portion of a conjugated enzyme (holoenzyme)

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41
Q

Holoenzyme

A

An enzyme that consists of both protein and non protein molecules

Also called conjugated enzyme

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42
Q

Coenzyme

A

An organic cofactors of a holoenzyme (conjugated enzyme)

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43
Q

Cofactors

A

Nonprotein portion of a conjugated enzyme (holoenzyme)

Can be organic or inorganic

Organic is called coenzyme, e.g. Vitamins

Inorganic is called metallic cofactors

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44
Q

Extremoenzyme

A

An extremozyme is an enzyme, often created by extremophiles, that can function under extreme environmental conditions such as very high pH, very low pH, high temperature, high salinity, or other factors, that would otherwise denature typical enzymes

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45
Q

Salvarsan was used to treat what disease

A

Salversan was used to treat syphilis until the 1940s

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46
Q

Broad spectrum drugs

A

Drugs that have the greatest range of activity

Targets cell components common to most pathogens (ribosomes)

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47
Q

Narrow spectrum drugs

A

The term broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria. A broad-spectrum antibiotic acts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, which is effective against specific families of bacteria.

Target a specific cell component that is found only in certain microbes

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48
Q

How do penicillins/cephalosporins work

A

Cephalosporins are bactericidal and have the same mode of action as other β-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillins), but are less susceptible to β-lactamases. Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall

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49
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Inhibit bacteria by interfering with a particular biochemical reaction essential for the life of the bacteria

Core resembles Para-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

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50
Q

Aminoglycolsides

A

Inhibits protein synthesis at the 30s site of the ribosome

e.g. Streptomycin, amikacin, tetracycline, neomycin

Streptomycin may be toxic and damaging to the nervous system if given over a long period of time

Neomycin is the most toxic of aminoglycosides

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51
Q

Clavulamic acid

A

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase

eg synercid, penicillinase, aztreonam

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52
Q

Treatment for gram negative rod infections

A

aminoglycosides

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53
Q

Drugs for tuberculosis

A

The five basic or “first line” TB drugs are:2
Isoniazid
Rifampicin (In the United States rifampicin is called rifampin)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
and Streptomycin
These are the TB drugs that generally have the greatest activity against TB bacteria. These drugs are particularly used for someone with active TB disease who has not had TB drug treatment before. All the other TB drugs are generally referred to as “second line” or reserve TB drugs.

54
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Fluoroquinolones exhibit concentration-dependent bactericidal activity by inhibiting the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, enzymes essential for bacterial DNA replication.

Toxic to nervous system

Cipro

55
Q

Macrolides

A

Inhibits protein synthesis at the 50s site of the ribosome

Very good broad spectrum drugs

Not destroyed by penicillinase enzyme

May be used as an alternative to penicillin

e.g. Erythromycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and oxazolidinone

Chloramphenicol can cause aplastic anemia (bone marrow inability to produce red blood cells)

56
Q

Drug that causes aplastic anemia, maybe used to treat typhoid fever

A

Chloramphenicol

57
Q

Drugs for systemic fungal infection

A

Polyenes

Nystatin - antibiotic of choice for fungal infection, toxic to human cells, used topically

Amphotericin B- used for very severe fungal infection, may cause kidney damage due to its nephrotoxicity

58
Q

Resident flora of the skin

A

It comprises bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, propioni and corynebacteria, which do not have a pathogenic effect on the skin

59
Q

Resident flora of the intestine

A

Enteroides (in large intestine), e.coli

60
Q

Mebendazole, niclosamide, and ivermectin are drugs used to treat what type of infection

A

Helminthes

61
Q

What drugs are used for protozoan infections

A

Metronidazole

62
Q

What is the drug used against intestinal anaerobic bacteria that can also alter normal flora causing antibiotic-associated colitis

A

Clindamycin, cipro, chloramphenicol

63
Q

Examples of antimicrobics that are macrolides

A

Erythromycin

64
Q

Antimicrobics

A

Drugs

65
Q

Economic importance of bacteria - practical application

A

Bacteria produce atmospheric nitrogen for crops like legumes

66
Q

Where do drugs come from

A

Microbes

67
Q

Examples of drugs that have the most narrow spectrum

A

Isoniazid (INH)

68
Q

What type of drugs are sulfonamides

A

PABA

69
Q

What are the drugs of choice for treating MRSA

A

vancomycin and bactroban

70
Q

Know examples of drugs for treating fungal infections

A

Ketoconazole, fluconazole

71
Q

Know the examples of drugs for treating helmithic infections

A

Mebenidizole, albenza

72
Q

What is prophylaxis

A

Prevention

eg condoms

73
Q

Acyclovir is used to treat what

A

Herpes, shingles, chicken pox

74
Q

What is drug susceptibility

A

Kirby Bauer

75
Q

What is the E-test in microbiology?

A

Manual in vitro diagnostic used to determine the MIC

76
Q

What is a semisynthetic antibiotic

A

Molecules that are modified by a chemist to enhance antimicrobic properties

77
Q

Where is vitamin k produced in the body

A

In the intestine

78
Q

What are infectious diseases!

A

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They’re normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person.

79
Q

When do infections occur

A

Infection occurs when viruses, bacteria, or other microbes enter your body and begin to multiply. Disease, which typically happens in a small proportion of infected people, occurs when the cells in your body are damaged as a result of infection, and signs and symptoms of an illness appear.

80
Q

What is the antifungal drug that can be used to treat serious systemic fungal infections

A

Amphotericin B

81
Q

What is the drug that can cause aplastic anemia and is used to treat typhoid fever and brain abscesses

A

Chloramphenicol

82
Q

Important characteristics of antimicrobic drugs

A
  1. Be able to destroy or inhibit many different kinds of pathogenic micro organisms (broad spectrum)
  2. Should inhibit microorganisms to prevent development of antibiotic resistant forms of disease producing microorganisms
  3. Should not produce undesirable side effects
  4. Should not eliminate normal microorganisms that inhabit intestinal tract or other parts of the body
  5. If given orally should not be inactivated by stomach acids
  6. Should be highly soluable in body fluids
  7. Must be able to reach sufficiently high concentration in tissues to kill/inhibit pathogens
83
Q

What do ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G have in common

A

Beta-lactam rings
Thiazolidine ring
Variable side chain

84
Q

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is called what

A

Clavulamic acid

85
Q

Examples of antimicrobic that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillins

86
Q

Gram negative rods are often treated with what type of drugs

A

Aminoglycosides

87
Q

Example of drugs that have the most narrow spectrum

A

Isoniazid (INH)

88
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

89
Q

Microbe

A

microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation.

90
Q

Scientific method

A

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

91
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

the supposed production of living organisms from nonliving matter, as inferred from the apparent appearance of life in some supposedly sterile environments.

92
Q

Koch’s postulate

A

Four criteria that were established by Robert Koch to identify the causative agent of a particular disease, these include: the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease. the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

93
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet.

94
Q

Pure culture

A

a culture in which only one strain or clone is present.

95
Q

DNA template makes a copy of what

A

DNA (itself)

96
Q

What is transcription

A

Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). DNA safely and stably stores genetic material in the nuclei of cells as a reference, or template.

97
Q

What is tRNA?

A

A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.

98
Q

Anticodon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

99
Q

Intron

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

100
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein.

101
Q

Termination/stop codons

A

In the genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins

UAA
UGA
UAG

start codon AUG

102
Q

Sterilization

A

referring to any process that destroys all viable microbes including viruses and endospores

103
Q

Disinfection

A

A process to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endoscopes

Use on inanimate objects

104
Q

Antisepsis

A

Prevention of infection by inhibiting or arresting the growth and multiplication of germs (infectious agents)

105
Q

How to achieve sterility

A

Autoclave

106
Q

What is dry heat

A

A way to sterilize, low cost but destroys item

107
Q

How to kill endospores

A

Autoclave- 15 psi, 121C, 10-40m

108
Q

TDP

A

The lowest temperature at which to kill the all microbes in a sample in 10m

109
Q

TDT

A

Shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specific temperature

110
Q

Irridiation

A

Application of ionizing radiation to food

Improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects

111
Q

HEPA filters

A

High Efficiency Particulate Air

Filters out dust particles and microbes

112
Q

Phenols or phenolic

A

Derivatives of phenol without the undesirable effects

e.g. Lysol, triclosan (antibacterial additive to soaps)

113
Q

How to kill microbacteria

A

Sterilization

Autoclave (15psi, 121C, 10-40m)

114
Q

Hypochlorite

A

Used to disinfect eating utensils in restaurants

As sodium hypochlorites (chlorine bleach) it is a household bleach

115
Q

Examples of antiseptics

A

Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens

Iodophors, antibacterial soap, chlorhexidine

116
Q

Antibiotics

A

Medicines that help your body fight bacteria and viruses, either by directly killing the microbe or. Y weakening them so that your own immune system can fight and kill them more easily

Vast majority are bacteria fighters

117
Q

How are antibiotics derived

A

Natural chemotherapeutic agents, produced by one microorganism, used in very small quantities to inhibit or destroy other microorganisms

118
Q

What is the mode of action for antiviral drugs

A

Agent must be able to penetrate the infected host cell and selectively block the multiplication of the virus withou inhibiting the metabolism of the host cell

Some will inhibit replication but most also inhibit metabolism

119
Q

What is drug susceptibility testing

A

Kirby Bauer

120
Q

What is MIC

A

Minimum inhibition concention

121
Q

What is therapeutic index

A

a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity

122
Q

Allergic reactions

A

Antigen-antibody reactions could activate other host responses intended to protect host from disease in turn physiological response of the immune host could cause hypersensitivity to antigen

123
Q

Superinfection

A

A superinfection is generally defined as a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection

124
Q

Where is vitamin K produced in the body

A

Intestine

125
Q

STORCH

A

Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus And Herpesvirus
O – other (hep B, HIV, chlamydia)

pathogens that may cross the placenta.

126
Q

Exotoxins

A

a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings

127
Q

Enterotoxins

A

a toxin produced in or affecting the intestines, such as those causing food poisoning or cholera.

128
Q

Different stages of infection

A

Incubation period- time from initial contact to appearance of first symptoms

Agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms

Prodromal stage- vague feelings of discomfort, nonspecified complaints

Period of invasion- multiplies at high levels, becomes well-established, more specific signs and symptoms

Convalescent period- as person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline

129
Q

Inflammation

A

localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue.

130
Q

When does the body begin to be colonized by its normal flora

A

In the birth canal

General Microbiology (1 decks)

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