cumulative final Flashcards
what amino acid substitution would severely disrupt the normal structure of protein
methionine to arginine
what would be the consequence to NADPH production if the redox potential of PC were altered to be more negative than the redox potential of cytochrome b6-f
NADPH production would halt since pC would no longer accept electrons from the cytochrome b6-f complex, blocking the electron transport chain.
cells in pyruvate can be converted to
lactate, glucose, oxaloacetate, acetyl CoA, alanine
The difference between NAD+ and NADH
NADH carries an extra proton and two high-energy electrons
___________ is inefficient because it has trouble distinguishing ____________ from carbon dioxide.
rubisco, oxgyen
What is the net product of the Calvin cycle_________.
G3P
in photosynthesis __________ is a lipid soluble molecule that transfers electrons from psII to cytB6f whereas __________ is a mobile protein in the lumen that transfers electrons to PSI
plastoquinone, plastocyanin
tyrosine and threonine are what kind of amino acids? What are they capable of?
polar, phosphorated by protein kinase
What molecule enters the citric acid cycle ?
What 2 things is it produced by
acetal CoA
the oxidation of pyruvate & the beta-oxidation of fatty acids
(i) Name the four classes of macromolecules. (il) Give an example of a molecule from each of the four classes of macromolecules. (ill) Would that molecule contain P
Carbohydrates - Glucose - Yes
Lipids- Triglycerides - No
Proteins- Insulin - Yes
Nucleic Acids - DNA - Yes
Name enzymes in glycolysis that is regulated by either a product of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation.
Include in your answer (i) the name of the enzyme, (i) an example of molecule(s) that positively (activates) or negatively (inhibits) that enzyme, and (iit) why this regulation would be important. (6pts total).
Pyruvate kinase- fructose-1,6-bisphosphate- ATP and acetyl-CoA - maintaining energy homeostasis in the cell
Hexokinase- fructose/other sugars - glucose-6-phosphate- ensures that glucose is only metabolized
why is regulation important
The regulation of pyruvate kinase is important for controlling the rate of glycolysis and ensuring that the cell has an adequate supply of ATP. crucial for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and preventing metabolic dysfunction.
The regulation of hexokinase is important in ensuring that glucose is efficiently utilized by the cell and not wasted, which is crucial for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and preventing metabolic dysfunction.
A rat’s liver is respiring actively, and you supply the liver with glucose labeled with radiolabeled carbon (14C). Which of the following will rapidly become labeled: water, carbon dioxide, or NADH? Why?
Carbon dioxide will become labeled with radiolabeled carbon (14C) when a rat’s liver is supplied with glucose labeled with this isotope.
This is because the carbon atoms in glucose are ultimately released as carbon dioxide during cellular respiration, and glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. As glucose is metabolized, the labeled carbon atoms are incorporated into carbon dioxide molecules, making them radiolabeled as well.
The citric acid cycle has a total of nine intermediate compounds that are interconverted and
“cycle”, depending on inputs an outputs. For cellular biochemical reasons, we highlighted four of these. What are these four KEY intermediate compounds produced in critic acid cycle? Name them, and describe what their function is outside of the citric acid cycle.
Citrate: fatty acid synthesis and the regulation of energy metabolism.
Succinate: involved in amino acid metabolism and the regulation of (HIF) activity.
Fumarate: responsible for the removal of excess nitrogen from the body.
Oxaloacetate: gluconeogenesis
Choose a phospholipid (name it) that we have discussed in class and distinguish between the molecules that make up that phospholipid. Describe how the chemical properties of these individual components contribute to the function of a phospholipid in the cell. What is the word that scientists use to describe a molecule with these properties?
Phosphatidylserine is composed of two molecules: a hydrophilic head group called serine, and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
the amphipathic nature of phospholipids, allows them to form the basic structure of cell membranes, which is essential for the functioning of cells.
In the first two phases of the Calvin Cycle, two key intermediates are produced: 3-Phosphoglycerate, and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate. How are these molecules used in other metabolic pathways? Are these pathways inside or outside the chloroplast?
3-Phosphoglycerate can be used in other metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, to produce ATP through cellular respiration. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate can also be used in the synthesis of other molecules, such as amino acids and fatty acids. These metabolic pathways occur outside the chloroplast, in the cytoplasm and other organelles of the cell.
The “chromophore” of green fluorescent protein (GFP) is essential to its function. Describe the structure of the GFP protein. Give examples of the different types of secondary structures in the protein. How do these secondary structures, at its tertiary structure relate to the
“functionality” of GFP?
- secondary structure of GFP includes both alpha helices and beta sheets.
-The alpha helices are formed by twisting the polypeptide chain into a right-handed helix, - the beta sheets are formed by aligning adjacent strands of the polypeptide chain and stabilizing them through hydrogen bonding.
-secondary structures are arranged in a specific pattern to create the protein’s tertiary structure.
The functionality of GFP is directly related to its tertiary structure, which allows the chromophore to be shielded from the surrounding environment and to fluoresce when excited by light.
A subset of breast cancers overexpress the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), known as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Patients with HER2-positive breast cancers often benefit from treatment with a HER2-binding antibody known as Pertuzumab. Given that antibodies are large proteins that cannot cross the cell membrane, what might be directly impacted by Pertuzumab to limit cell proliferation?
Pertuzumab prevents receptor dimerization
Photosyntheses happens in the inner and outer what
thylakoid
In eukaryotic cells, phospholipids are synthesized by enzymes bound to
the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum
What are functions of proteins in the plasma membrane
-transmit extracellular signals to the cell interior
-serves as anchor to attach the cell to the extracellular matrix
-transport molecules across the membrane
-allows specific ions to cross the plasma membrane, controlling its electrical properties
Lipid bilayers do not allow these molecule to pass through
Na+ and Cl-
