Cumulative

Question 1

Ad Hominem Abusive

Answer 1

Arguments that attempt to avoid the issue by insulting an opponent with abusive language

Question 2

Ad Hominem Circumstantial

Answer 2

Arguments that try to discredit an opponent because of his background, affiliations, or self-interest in the matter at hand

Question 3

Tu Quoque

Answer 3

Arguments that assume that a rival’s recommendation should be discounted because the rival does not always follow it himself

Question 4

Genetic Fallacy

Answer 4

Arguments that state that an idea should be discounted simply because of its source or origin

Question 5

Appeal to Fear (ad baculum)

Answer 5

Arguments that distract by making the audience afraid of the consequences of disagreeing with the speaker

Question 6

Appeal to Pity (ad misericordiam)

Answer 6

Arguments that distract by making the audience feel sorry for the speaker or someone on behalf of whom the speaker is arguing

Question 7

Mob Appeal (ad populum)

Answer 7

Arguments that distract by making the audience want to be part of the crowd or one of the “common people.”

Question 8

Snob Appeal

Answer 8

Arguments that distract by making the audience want to feel “special”/have “discriminating taste”

Question 9

Appeal to Illegitimate Authority (ad verecundiam)

Answer 9

Arguments that distract by attempting to shame the listener into agreement by citing an illegitimate authority

Question 10

Chronological Snobbery

Answer 10

Arguments that distract by making the audience want to either be a part of an old tradition or of the latest cool, new thing

Question 11

Appeal to Ignorance

Answer 11

Arguments that claim that since a proposition cannot be disproven, it must therefore be true or likely

Question 12

Irrelevant Goals or Functions

Answer 12

Arguments that distract by measuring a plan or policy according to goals it wasn’t intended to achieve

Question 13

Irrelevant Thesis

Answer 13

Arguments that distract by making a case for the wrong point

Question 14

Straw Man Fallacy

Answer 14

Arguments that attempt to disprove an opponent’s position by presenting it in an unfair, inaccurate light

Question 15

Begging the Question (petition principii)

Answer 15

Arguments that assume the very same thing that one is trying to prove

Question 16

Bifurcation (False Dilemma)

Answer 16

Arguments that frame the debate such that only two options are possible, when other possibilities may exist

Question 17

Fallacy of Moderation

Answer 17

Arguments that assume the correct answer is always the middle ground or a compromise between two extremes

Question 18

Is-Ought Fallacy

Answer 18

Arguments that assume that just because something is a certain way, it ought to be that way.

Question 19

Fallacy of Composition

Answer 19

Arguments based on a hidden assumption that the properties of the whole will be the same as the properties of the parts

Question 20

Fallacy of Division

Answer 20

Arguments that are based on the hidden assumption that a collective whole determines that all of its parts will be like the whole.

Question 21

Sweeping Generalization (Accident)

Answer 21

Arguments that overextend a generalization to include facts or cases that are exceptions to it

Question 22

Hasty Generalization (Converse Accident)

Answer 22

Arguments that make a generalization on the basis of too few samples.

Question 23

False Analogy

Answer 23

Arguments that fail because they create an analogy between two things that are not similar enough to warrant an analogy

Question 24

False Cause

Answer 24

Arguments that are based on a weak cause-and-effect situation

Question 25

Fake Precision

Answer 25

Arguments that use numbers or statistics in a way that is too precise to be justified by the situation