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Ergonomics > cumulative > Flashcards

cumulative Flashcards

1
Q

What is Ergonomics?

A

The study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities.

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2
Q

What is Human Factors?

A

The science of understanding the properties of human capability and applying this understanding to the design, development, and deployment of systems and services.

A human factor is a physical or cognitive property of an individual that influences functioning of technological systems as well as human-environment equilibriums.

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3
Q

Successful Human Factors:

A

Enhances performance
Reduce error
Increase productivity

Increases safety

Improves user satisfaction

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4
Q

What is an Affordance?

A

Quality of an object, or an environment, that allows an individual to perform an action

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5
Q

what do we call the physical or cog. properties of an individual that influences the functioning of technological systems as well as human-environ equilibriums?

A

human factors

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6
Q

in class we discussed the case of the USS Vincennes, an incident where a US navy ship shot down an iranian civilian airplane because they misidentified it as an attacking aircraft. what type of error?

A

mistake

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7
Q

a researcher wants to examine the effect of stress on test preformance in undergrads. Before the midterm, she makes 1 group of students give an unplanned speech to the rest of the class, while the other group takes the midterm as usual. Whats the independent variable?
Stress, test preformance, iv is not given

A

stress

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8
Q

color vision abormalities, often refferred to as color blindness, are more common in men than in women. about how many men have some form of color blindness?

A

1/12

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9
Q

What is the best way to design around color blindness?

A

use visual displays such as words instead of just color.

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10
Q

imagine you are designing a remote-controlled robot. the joystick push fwd. = robot fwd. norman would call this what kind of design principle?

A

natural mapping

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11
Q 
Which of the following is not an example of a monocular depth cue?
Interposition
Motion Parallax
Vergence
Size
A

Vergence

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12
Q

What is the 3 stage model that allows up to examine human preformace

____ ______ _____ ______ _______

A

stimulus > perception > Cognition > Action > Response

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13
Q

What term describes the bias that makes errors look obvious in retrospect?

A

hindsight bias

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14
Q

a test is said to have high “test re-test reliability” if..

A

the scores for each person are similar for 2 adiminstrations

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15
Q

what 2 theories we discussed that help explain human color perception?

A

trichromatic, opponent processes

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16
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

the smallest segment of speech that can alter the meaning of a word

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17
Q

What is the hawthorne effect?

A

brightening the lights in a factory will increase work productivity and so will dimming the lights

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18
Q

Persuasive Technology

A

Basic definition:
Any computing technology designed with the goal of altering users’ behavior, often through impacting their internal states like attitude, motivation, and beliefs

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19
Q

What is Captology?

A

Captology is the field of computers as persuasive technologies (Computers As Persuasive Technologies + ology, or a branch of learning = captology)

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20
Q

What is Coercion and Deception in Captology?

A

Coercion implies force

Deception involves misleading people

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21
Q

What is a macro level of persuasion?

A

Macro: The termmacrosuasionis used to describe theoverall persuasive intent of a product
Example: Fitbit

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22
Q

What is a micro level of persuasion?

A

Micro: The term microsuasion is used to describe a product that does not have an overall intent to persuade, but that incorporates smaller persuasive elements to achieve a different overall goal
Example: Quicken

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23
Q

What is a tool in persuasive tech?

A

Tools augment the user’s performance in some way; they increase the abilities of the user

24
Q

What is a prototype?

A

A prototype is a limited representation of a design that allows users to interact with it and to explore its suitability

25
Q

What are the 2 types of prototypes?

A

These two kinds of prototyping are called horizontal prototyping(providing a wide range of functions but with little detail, i.e. breadth) and vertical prototyping(providing a lot of detail for only a few functions, i.e. depth)

26
Q

What is the cognitive phase of skill acquisition?

A

Cognitive
The novice learner is still trying to understand the task so s/he must attend to cues and events that will not require attention in later phases
Dependent on quality of instructions and demonstrations

27
Q

What is the associative phase of skill acquisition?

A

Associative
Task components that have been learned in the cognitive phase begin to relate to each other
Accomplished by combining components into a single procedure

28
Q

What is the autonomous phase of skill acquisition?

A

Autonomous
The automatization of the procedures
Less subject to cognitive control

29
Q

What is an expert and how are they different than novices?

A

Experts solve problems faster, more accurately, and consistently than novices
Differences in performance between novice and expert:
Not from general ability
The expert’s specialized knowledge
Experts see problems differently and use different strategies

30
Q

When is an expert “Skilled”?

A

A person is ‘skilled’ in his/her domain when performance is relatively precise and effortless

31
Q

What is the power law of practice?

A

power law of practice

The longer a person practices, the less effective a fixed amount of additional practice will have

32
Q

What is a “transfer of learning” in skill acquisition?

A

Transfer is the extent to which a person can perform a new task because of practice with a related task
Transfer will occur to the extent that the underlying rules to perform one task overlap with those required to perform a second task
We can talk about near transfer (to closely related contexts) and far transfer (to rather different contexts)

33
Q

Norman’s research on emotion suggests that these human attributes result fromthree different levels of brain mechanism:

What are the 3 levels?

A

Norman’s research on emotion suggests that these human attributes result fromthree different levels of brain mechanism:
the visceral level
the automatic, prewired layer
the behavioral level
the part that contains the brain processes that control everyday behavior
the reflective level
the contemplative part of the brain

34
Q

There are 2 ways to describe how people reason and make decisions:
What is the Normative

A

Normative: choices a rational person makes under ideal circumstances
Our actual decisions often deviate from this

35
Q

There are 2 ways to describe how people reason and make decisions:
What is the Descriptive?

A

Our actual decisions often deviate from this

Descriptive: choices a typical person makes under typical circumstances

36
Q

What is a problem space?

A

The problem space contains the initial problem and goal state

37
Q

What is forward chaining?

A

Forward chaining evaluates all possible actions and selects the best option to achieve a goal

38
Q

What is backward chaining?

A

Backward chaining starts with the goal and works backwards to the initial state

39
Q

What is means-end analysis?

A

Means-end analysis in which you identify the difference between the current state and the goal state and try to reduce it

40
Q

What is an analogy?

A

Analogies are another useful heuristic

Make a comparison between the current problem and a similar, familiar problem

41
Q

What is the difference between deduction and induction reasoning?

A

Deduction: a conclusion follows necessarily from assumptions about the problem
Induction: a conclusion is drawn from particular conditions or facts relevant to a problem

42
Q

What is a syllogism?

A

a syllogism or argument is where a conclusion follows a set of premises

if. ..
then. .
then. .. (think philos. class)

43
Q

What are conditional and categorical statements?

A

Conditional: conditional statements are used to determine a conclusion
Categorical: statements that include quantifiers such as “some” or “all”

44
Q

What is the gulf of execution?

A

The gap between the user’s goal of action and the means to execute that goal

45
Q

What do we call the type of error where an intended action is forgotten and not carried out?

A

Lapse

46
Q

What is a violation?

A

violations are an intentional choice to disobey rule or procedure without the intention to cause harm.

47
Q

What is the term used to describe the process of developing scales of psychological quantities that can be mapped to physical scales?

A

psycho physical scaling

48
Q

What type of memory acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses and is constantly being overwritten by new information?

A

sensory memory

49
Q

What is defined as the amount of time between the occurrence of an event and the person’s response?

A

Reaction time

50
Q

Dark gray letters have a ____ contrast with a light gray background, and being able to read this shows that a person has high __________

A

low, contrast sensitivity

51
Q

Television works because we perceive quickly changing pictures as a fluid motion. This perception of motion is known as:

A

apparent motion

52
Q

What is the definition of a workload?

A

The total amount of work effort that a person or a group of people is to perform within a time limit.

53
Q

What do we call the class of techniques often used to predict workload demands early in the system development process?

A

analytical techniques

54
Q

What factors contribute to work load?

A

The type of tasks that the user must perform, the number of tasks to perform, accuracy requirements, time demands.

55
Q

What are the 2 ways to describe how people problem solve and make decisions?

A

Normative and descriptive

56
Q

What is a heuristic?

A

HEURISTICS are mental shortcuts that are helpful in quickly processing the world around us.

57
Q

When asked whether more people die from shark attacks or cow attacks, most people will say that more die from shark attacks, although cows kill more people. This can be attributed to the…

A

Availability heuristic

Ergonomics (1 decks)

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