Cum Slides

Question 1

what are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 1

1. provide physical protection
2. control permeability
3. provide sensation
4. produce specialized secretions

Question 2

what kind of epithelial tissue is specialized to perform a specific sensory function?

Answer 2

neuroepithelium

Question 3

what kind of epithelial tissue produced specialized secretions?

Answer 3

glandular epithelium

Question 4

explain what exfoliative cytology is.

Answer 4

epithelial cells or fluids produced from epithelial lining are REMOVED AND CHECKED FOR ABNORMAL CELLULAR CHANGES

Question 5

explain what CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) are.

Answer 5

transmembrane proteins that bind larger areas of plasma membrane to other cells or extracellular materials

Question 6

explain what cell junctions are and the 3 kinds.

Answer 6

specialized areas of membrane that form bonds with other cells or extracellular material.
1. tight junctions
2. gap junctions
3. desmosomes

Question 7

explain what each of the cell junctions do
1. gap junctions
2. hemidesmosomes
3. tight junction
4. spot desmosome

Answer 7

1. permit free diffusion of ions and small molecules between 2 cells; holds 2 cells together by channel proteins called connexons
2. attach a cell to extracellular structures such as protein fibers in basement membrane
3. fusion of the outer layers of 2 plasma membranes; prevent diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells; includes a continuous adhesion belt
4. ties adjacent cells together; small discs that allow bending and twisting

Question 8

what kind of epithelial tissue connection is important for coordinating the heart muscle?

Answer 8

gap junctions

Question 9

describe what an apical surface is.

Answer 9

cell is exposed to internal/external environment containing microvilli (increase absorption or secretion) or cilia (move fluid)

Question 10

what do special simple squamous epithelia NOT do and what are two examples of this?

Answer 10

they do NOT communicate with the outside world
1. mesothelium: lining body cavities
2. endothelium: lining inner surface of heart chambers and blood vessels

Question 11

what are the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 11

endocrine: DUCTLESS, release HORMONES
exocrine: DUCTS, release SECRETIONS

Question 12

what are the 9 types of connective tissue proper?

Answer 12

fibroblasts (most abundant)
fibrocytes
adipocytes
mesenchymal cells
macrophages
mast cells
lymphocytes
microphages
melanocytes

Question 13

explain the difference between histamine and heparin.

Answer 13

histamine: dilates blood vessels
heparin: anticoagulant to prevent blood clots

Question 14

what are 3 types of formed elements in the blood?

Answer 14

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

Question 15

what are 4 types of membranes?

Answer 15

mucous (includes lamina propria; for passageways that have external connections)
serous
cutaneous
synovial

Question 16

what is the difference between the parietal and visceral portion of a cavity?

Answer 16

parietal: covers CAVITY
visceral: covers ORGANS

Question 17

what is membrane potential caused by?

Answer 17

difference of charge between in and out of cell

Question 18

difference between absolute refractory period and relative refractory period.

Answer 18

absolute refractory: CANNOT RESPOND TO FURTHER STIMULATION; from -60mv to around -40 mv
relative refractory: CAN RESPOND TO ONLY A LARGER THAN NORMAL STIMULUS; from -40 mv to normal

Question 19

what hormones are released to dilate versus constrict a blood vessel?

Answer 19

dilate: ACH, NO on cholinergic and nitroxidergic receptors
constrict: to digestive and urinary system by NE and E on alpha 1