Culture/Psychology/Sociology/Linguistics Flashcards

Question

Spanish language policy

Answer 1

-Franco's dictatorship (1939-75) aimed to make Spain one so language restricted to only Castilian Spanish -now others like Catalan, Basque/Euskera (oldest living language in Europe), and Galician are protected -inconclusive referendum in 2015 for Catalonian independence

Answer 2

about 7000 -Chinese has 13 variations -Arabic has 20 variations Most native speakers: Mandarin, Spanish, English, Hindi, Portuguese Most spoken: English, Mandarin, Hindi, Spanish, French

Answer 3

Dutch 59%, French 40%, German 1%

Answer 4

speaks English, Afrikaans, Xhosa (native language of Nelson Mandela) and Zulu among others

Answer 5

Space -no left/right in Kuuk Thaayorre Aboriginal language in Australia, instead position laid out in absolute space so speakers are always aware of orientation Time -English speakers think of time left to right -Hebrew and Arabic speakers think of time right to left -Kuuk Thaayorre speakers think of progression of time in line with sun East to West Gender -more marked it is, the more salient it is -study of how much time it took children to recognise their own gender (results: Hebrew faster than English faster than Finnish, gender not marked in Finnish) -representations in art etc. if objects corresponded to their gender in the language Intentional vs Accidental Events -English (don't differentiate) vs Spanish and Japanese (differentiate and were more likely to forget accidental events)

Answer 6

Who? (communicator) Says what? (message) In what channel? (medium) To whom? (recipient) With what effect? (effect)

Answer 7

Swiss Psychiatrist/Psychoanalyst, 1875-1961

Answer 8

British evolutionary biologist Wrote The Selfish Gene & The God Delusion Coined the word meme

Answer 9

All humans share the same neurological configuration and similar basic cognitive patterns. Variation due to cultural differences is negligible

Answer 10

An alternative language developed to facilitate communication between speakers of two different languages eg. international sign language eg. West African pidgins such as Nigerian pidgin or Jamaican Maroon language, the result of slaves brought over, which evolved to become Jamaican Creole

Answer 11

A combination of 2 first languages which has become a new native tongue for a group of people

Answer 12

Second languages held in common by speakers of different native tongues eg. Modern Standard Arabic

Answer 13

Creole language must be a native tongue learned as a first language from infancy

Answer 14

Certain images (memes) and words like lulz and pwn3d invoke a common understanding between people who don't share a first language May develop into an internet pidgin language in coming decades

Answer 15

Short period comet with roughly 76 year orbit Discovered by Edmond Halley in mid 18th century Next visible as it passes Earth in 2061

Answer 16

Irish revolutionary One of the founding members of the United Irishmen Regarded as the father of Irish Republicanism

Answer 17

Late 19th century French sculptor Most famous works: 1-The Thinker (bronze) 2-Monument to Balzac (in honour of French novelist Honoré de Balzac) 3-The Kiss (marble) 4-The Burghers of Calais (commemorates Calais's surrender to the English during the Hundred Years' War) 5-The Gates of Hell (bronze depiction of the Inferno, the first section of Dante's Divine Comedy)

Answer 18

title of a novel by Joseph Heller (1961), in which the main character feigns madness in order to avoid dangerous combat missions in WWII, but his desire to avoid them is taken to prove his sanity

Answer 19

20th-century French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist Wrote: The Second Sex She Came To Stay The Mandarins

Answer 20

in evolutionary psychology, phenomenon of higher incidence of different forms of child abuse and mistreatment by stepparents than by biological parents

Answer 21

women's fear of independence – an unconscious desire to be taken care of by someone else

Answer 22

1. Lombard dialect – Milan 2. Venetian dialect/Veneto – Northern Italy (4 million) -influenced by German/Greek, many foreign words -spoken in Croatia, Slovenia, France, and Austria 3. Tuscan dialect (also spoken in northern Sardinia) 4. Sicilian dialect (influenced by Arabic and Greek) 5. Neapolitan dialect - Naples -wide vocabulary -dropped syllables 6. Piedmontese dialect 7. Calabrese dialect 8. Romanesco dialect 8. Abruzzo dialect

Answer 23

the standard and most prestigious form of spoken British English

Answer 24

- English philosopher, statesman, scientist, and author - proponent of the scientific method -served as Lord Chancellor of England under King James I in early 17th century - career ended in disgrace

Answer 25

invented in honour of the Queen of Italy, Margarita of Savoy, and the unification of Italy

Answer 26

- 20th century self-taught Irish painter - powerful, predominantly figural images express isolation, brutality, and terror - banished from home as a teenager for allegedly homosexual leanings - In Screaming Popes he converted Diego Velázquez’s famous Portrait of Pope Innocent X into a nightmarish icon of hysterical terror - can visit his London studio in Hugh Lane gallery in Dublin

Answer 27

most important Spanish painter of the 17th century -painted Rokeby Venus and Portrait of Pope Innocent X

Answer 28

Change in facial musculature->effects blood flow->impeding or facilitating the cooling of cerebral blood->these variations in cerebral temperature promote or inhibit release of neurotransmitters

Answer 29

Originally: if species that attacked by biting, baring teeth was a prelude to an assault and wrinkling nose reduced inhalation of noxious odours, etc. Now: communicative, external evidence of an individual's internal state

Answer 30

1. correlation between emotional expression and diversity - diverse societies smile more than homogenous ones (if people don't speak same language, they need to build trust and cooperation) 2. societies smiled for different reasons - more homogenous societies smiled to show superiority in hierarchy while diverse societies smiled for social bonding 3. in unstable countries, smiling was perceived a stupid (perhaps person was unaware of the reality)

Answer 31

Instead of eye contact being an expression of intimacy or closeness Looking away to limit visual input when there was more cognitive demand eg. looking away, listener may infer difficulty formulating message so may be lying eg. not looking away, maybe utterance isn't spontaneous

Answer 32

1. Adapters (scratching, adjusting glasses, rubbing, fidgeting) - not intended to be communicative - dispositional inferences (bored, nervous, uncomfortable) 2. Converational Gestures - accompany speech - timed with speech - seem related to speech a. motor movements (no obvious relation to semantic meaning, fixed shape, may be repeated) b. lexical movement (changing form, complex, non-repetitive) eg. deicitic - relating to individual or feature (me, here, that, next Tue) eg. interactive gesture - maintain participant's involvement 3. Symbolic Gestures (raised fist, bye-bye, thumbs up) - intentional - clear communication function - with or without speech

Answer 33

When speakers prevented from gesturing: - decreased fluency - impaired articulation - reduced vocabulary size

Answer 34

religious and cultural group branched from Latter Day Saints movement founded by Joseph Smith in 18th century high concentration in Utah state used to practice polygamy

Answer 35

trans-exclusionary radical feminist

Answer 36

means reconstruction political movement for reform within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the late 1980s associated with Mikhail Gorbachev and his Glasnost policy reform

Answer 37

Gorbachev's policy of increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union (USSR)

Answer 38

A descriptive grammar is a study of a language, its structure, and its rules as they are used in daily life by its speakers from all walks of life, including standard and nonstandard varieties. A prescriptive grammar specifies how a language and its grammar rules should be used.

Answer 39

A descriptive grammar is a study of a language, its structure, and its rules as they are used in daily life by its speakers from all walks of life, including standard and nonstandard varieties. A prescriptive grammar specifies how a language and its grammar rules should be used.

Answer 40

18th century The bourgeoisie were the urban merchant and manufacturing class. The aristocracy were the highest class in certain societies, typically comprising people of noble birth holding hereditary titles and offices. Sometimes came into conflict, eg. French Revolution 1789

Answer 41

- artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt - connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea - dividing Africa and Asia - constructed 1859

Answer 42

the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia from 1858 to 1947

Answer 43

- trading body for English merchants created in 1600 - originally spice trade. - later added such items as cotton, silk, indigo, saltpetre, tea, and opium to its wares - also participated in the slave trade

Answer 44

Enculturation: the process of acquiring the rules, norms, values, customs and guidelines of a culture in order to be a part of society Acculturation: -the process of transforming the cultural beliefs and customs of one's own culture, by adopting traits of a different culture -assimilation to a different culture, typically the dominant one

Answer 45

-Orthodox, Conservative and Reform -Orthodox Judaism is considered the most traditional form of modern Judaism

Answer 46

Jewish nationalist movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews

Answer 47

Use of coded or suggestive language in political messaging to garner support from a particular group without provoking opposition eg. “Law and order” is often used to police low-income communities, particularly Black and Latinx people. Richard Nixon used this phrase in 1968 to appeal to white voters who were angry about integration

Answer 48

Low: good communication is precise, simple, and clear -messages understood at face value eg. Anglo-Saxon, particularly US High: good communication is sophisticated, nuanced, and layered -messages are both spoken and read between the lines eg. Asian, particularly Japan

Answer 49

oceanic trade in African men, women, and children which lasted from the mid-sixteenth century until the 1860s

Answer 50

Bow : Front of a boat. Stern : Rear of a boat. Starboard : Right side of a boat. Port : Left side of a boat. Hull : Body of a boat

Answer 51

The Talmud is a record of the rabbinic debates in the 2nd-5th century on the teachings of the Torah The Torah is a compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy

Answer 52

pen name of 19th century English author (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) most notable works are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass

Answer 53

official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (south east), and the sovereign nations of Sri Lanka and Singapore

Answer 54

narrow Indian state on the south west coast

Answer 55

- North Indians are descendants of the Aryan race; whereas the South Indians are descendants of Dravidian race. - North Indians are generally taller and lighter brown of skin, whereas southerners are shorter and darker. - Hindi is more spoken in the north

Answer 56

Hungarian language a member of a people who originated in the Urals and migrated westwards to settle in what is now Hungary in the 9th century AD

Answer 57

President Richard Nixon in 1971 failed global campaign of drug prohibition, military aid, and military intervention, with the aim of reducing the illegal drug trade in the United States

Answer 58

Sex: usually categorized as female or male but there is variation in the biological attributes that comprise sex and how those attributes are expressed Gender: socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people

Answer 59

the study of how space is used in human interactions eg. authority can be communicated by the height from which one person interacts with another (sit vs standing) eg. personal space definitions in different countries eg. preferences of sitting front or back of a classroom or how close to the head of the table

Answer 60

an ethnic group indigenous to the region which is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt

Answer 61

armed conflict between Croatia and the Yugoslav army controlled by Serbia that took place from 1991 to 1995 beginning of Yugoslavia's disintegration

Answer 62

a reaction to the assumed certainty of scientific, or objective, efforts to explain reality a late 20th-century movement that generally questions the basic assumptions of Western philosophy in the modern period (roughly, the 17th century through the 19th century)

Answer 63

comes from a Greek word meaning “between rivers,” referring to the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but the region can be broadly defined to include the area that is now eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and most of Iraq where world’s earliest civilization developed in 10th millennium BCE when irrigation allowed for agriculture

Answer 64

architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid-12th century to the 16th century -Vaulted Ceiling -Pointed Arch -Flying Buttress -Spires -Stained-glass windows

Answer 65

architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid-10th century to the mid-12th century -Towering round arches -Massive stone and brickwork -Small windows -Thick walls -Art and sculpture depicting biblical scenes

Answer 66

European architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 16th centuries conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture -columns -domes -use of geometrical shapes -vibrant interiors painted by Renaissance masters

Answer 67

According to Genesis, the Babylonians wanted to make a name for themselves by building a mighty city and a tower “with its top in the heavens.” God disrupted the work by so confusing the language of the workers that they could no longer understand one another.

Answer 68

-royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Iranian monarchies -Iranian monarchy was abolished after the 1979 Iranian Revolution

Answer 69

-1789 -period of radical political and societal change in France -the monarchy and the feudal system ended -ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 70

-a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire 1917 during WWI -abolished its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government -included two successive revolutions (February Revolution & October/Bolshevik Revolution) and a bloody civil war

Answer 71

leftist revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d'état against the Duma's provisional government early November 1917 (October on Julian calendar)

Answer 72

Socialisation refers to the general process of acquiring culture, while enculturation refers to the process of being socialized to a particular culture. eg. learning and internalizing gender roles is a part of socialisation, while learning a specific culture's expectations of femininity and masculinity is enculturation.

Answer 73

indigenous religio-philosophical tradition that has shaped Chinese life for more than 2,000 years. In the broadest sense, a Daoist attitude toward life can be seen in the idea of accepting and yielding

Answer 74

-a worldview, a social ethic, a political ideology, a scholarly tradition, and a way of life -propagated by Confucius in the 6th–5th century BCE and followed by the Chinese people for more than two millennia -ancestor reverence and a profound human-centred religiousness

Answer 75

-the largest Christian community in the Middle East -Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians

Answer 76

midway between Protestantism and Catholicism Western Christian tradition that has developed from the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe

Answer 77

a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, ritualism, asceticism and esotericism

Answer 78

-most famous Sufi mystic poet of Iran -lived in 13th century -believed passionately in the use of music, poetry and dance as a path to reach God

Answer 79

-Play by George Bernard Shaw -name from the famous story in Ovid's Metamorphoses -Adapted into My Fair Lady (changed ending so that she doesn't marry Freddy) -Professor Higgins (Pygmalion) -Eliza Dolittle (Galatea)

Answer 80

Pygmalion, disgusted by the loose and shameful lives of the women of his era, creates a beautiful statue more perfect than any living woman. He prays to Venus that she gives him a lover like Galatea, the statue, and she, pitying him, brings her to life. In the legend, they live happily ever after and have children.

Answer 81

Belgian-born British actress (1950s and 60s) and humanitarian My Fair Lady Breakfast at Tiffany's Roman Holiday

Answer 82

a type of entertainment popular chiefly in the US in the early 20th century, featuring a mixture of speciality acts such as burlesque comedy, song and dance

Answer 83

a policy of planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life or a purposely frail design eg. iPhone battery with 2/3 year lifespan

Answer 84

site of death of between 1.1 and 1.5 million people (90% Jewish, also Romani and Polish) located at the meeting point of train lines from Russia, Prussia and Austrian empire

Answer 85

a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871

Answer 86

-prominent 19th century European aristocrats and statesmen -he engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany in1871 -served as the German Empire’s first chancellor from its founding in 1871 until 1890

Answer 87

-an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries -sided with Germany in World War I -postwar treaties dissolved the empire

Answer 88

- behaviour in which one person subconsciously imitates the gesture, speech pattern, or attitude of another - non-verbal way to show empathy

Answer 89

- specific nerve cells in brain that are responsible for mirroring -they support observational learning and promote imitation

Answer 90

common STI caused by parasite Symptoms: -women: a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching and painful urination -men: typically no symptoms

Answer 91

- Islamic guerrilla groups operating in Afghanistan during the Afghan War - opposed the invading Soviet forces and eventually toppled the Afghan communist government - broke into rival factions - Taliban and rival coalition, Northern Alliance

Answer 92

- ultraconservative political and religious faction - ruled Afghanistan 1996 - 2001 - provided sanctuary for al-Qaeda, perpetrators of the September 11 attacks - formed in the early 1990s by some Afghan mujahideen

Answer 93

Saudi Arabian militant founder of al-Qaeda

Answer 94

joint U.S. and British invasion of Afghanistan (2001- 2021) triggered by the September 11 attacks

Answer 95

U.S. Senate tactic to delay/block vote by preventing debate from ending

Answer 96

an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century - healing power of the imagination to enable people to transcend their troubles and their circumstances -emphasis on emotion and individualism, clandestine literature, paganism, idealization of nature, suspicion of science and industrialization, as well as glorification of the past with a strong preference for the medieval rather than the classical

Answer 97

derogatory for extreme patriotism (often aggressive foreign policy)

Answer 98

Technology Education Design

Answer 99

a group or community with which we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world 'software of the mind' - Geert Hofstede

Answer 100

Ancient Greek physician

Culture/Psychology/Sociology/Linguistics Flashcards

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