Culture

Question 1

poor or inadequate adaptation that occurs when a group pursues an adaptive strategy that, in the short run, fails to provide the necessities of life or, in the long run, destroys the environment that nourishes it.

Answer 1

Cultural maladaptation

Question 2

the territorial nucleus from which a country grows in area and over time, often containing the national capital and the main center of commerce, culture, and industry.

Answer 2

Cultural core

Question 3

a concept based on the tendency of both formal and functional culture regions to consist of a core or node, in which defining traits and purest or functions are headquartered, and a periphery that is tributary and displays fewer of the defining traits.

Answer 3

Cultural periphery

Question 4

broadly defined, the study of the relationships between the physical environment and culture; narrowly defined, the study of culture as an adaptive system that facilitates human adaptation to nature and environmental change.

Answer 4

Cultural ecology

Question 5

the artificial landscape; the visible human imprint on the land.

Answer 5

Cultural landscape

Question 6

a total way of life held in common by a group of people, including such learned features as speech, ideology, behavior; livelihood, technology, and government; or the local, customary way of doing things- a way of life; an ever-changing process in which a group is actively engaged; a dynamic mix of symbols, beliefs, speech, and practices.

Answer 6

Culture

Question 7

the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.

Answer 7

Adaptive strategies

Question 8

architecture that comes from the collective memory of groups of traditional people. These buildings are based not on blueprints but on mental images that change little form one generation to the next and use locally available raw materials

Answer 8

Folk Architecture

Question 9

a small cohesive, stable, isolated, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race; characterized by a strong family or clan structure, order maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, little division of labor other than that between the sexes, frequent and strong interpersonal relationships, and a material culture consisting mainly of a handmade goods.

Answer 9

Folk Culture

Question 10

traditional, rural; the opposite of “popular”

Answer 10

Folk

Question 11

traditional customs, tales, sayings, dances, or art forms preserved among a people

Answer 11

Folklore

Question 12

all physical, tangible objects made and used by members of a cultural group, such as clothing, buildings, tools and utensils, instruments, furniture, and artwork; the visible aspect of culture.

Answer 12

Material culture

Question 13

the wide range of tales, songs, lore, beliefs, superstitions, and customs that passes from generation to generation as part of an oral or written tradition.

Answer 13

Nonmaterial culture

Question 14

a dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; producing and consuming machine-made goods.

Answer 14

Popular Culture

Question 15

a pattern of original land survey in an area.

Answer 15

Survey pattern

Question 16

a language derived from a pidgin that has acquired a fuller vocabulary and become the native language of its speakers.

Answer 16

Creole

Question 17

a distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to speakers of other dialects of that language; a subtype of a language.

Answer 17

Dialect

Question 18

the border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation.

Answer 18

Isogloss

Question 19

a mutually agreed-upon system of symbolic communication that has a spoken and
usually a written expression.

Answer 19

Language

Question 20

a group of related languages derived from a common ancestor.

Answer 20

Language family

Question 21

an existing, well-established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue.

Answer 21

Lingua franca

Question 22

an area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental conditions in which a language or dialect has survived.

Answer 22

Linguistic refuge area

Question 23

speaking only one language.

Answer 23

Monolingual

Question 24

the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking.

Answer 24

Mutual intelligibility

Question 25

speaking more than one language

Answer 25

Multilingual

Question 26

in multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government.

Answer 26

Official language

Question 27

a composite language consisting of a small vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in international commerce

Answer 27

Pidgin

Question 28

place name

Answer 28

Toponym

Question 29

the belief that inanimate objects, such as trees, rocks, and rivers, possess souls

Answer 29

Animism

Question 30

a religion identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group; does not seek to converts.

Answer 30

Ethnic religion

Question 31

community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their shaman— a religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary. At times, an especially strong shaman might attract a regional following. However, most shamans remain local figures.

Answer 31

Shamanism

Question 32

the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife.

Answer 32

Secularism

Question 33

the system of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu’ranic law, unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, it is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu’ran.

Answer 33

Sharia law

Question 34

a state whose government is under the control of a ruler who is deemed to be divinely guided, or of a group of religious leaders, as in post-Kohomeini Iran. It’s opposite is a secular state.

Answer 34

Theocracy

Question 35

religions that attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location.

Answer 35

Universalizing