culture

Question 1

the way of life of people

Answer 1

culture

Question 2

a group of interacting people who share, pass on, and create culture.

Answer 2

society

Question 3

distinguished between cultural universals and particulars.

Answer 3

George Murdock

Question 4

are those things that all cultures have in common.

Answer 4

Cultural universals

Question 5

the specific practices that distinguish cultures from one another.

Answer 5

Cultural particulars

Question 6

feelings that we experience as we relate to other people, such as empathy, grief, love, guilt, jealousy, and embarrassment.

Answer 6

social emotions

Question 7

is felt at the loss of a relationship

Answer 7

Grief

Question 8

reflects the strong attachment that one person feels for another person

Answer 8

love

Question 9

from fear of losing the affection of someone to another

Answer 9

jealousy

Question 10

consists of all the physical objects that people have invented or borrowed from other cultures

Answer 10

material culture

Question 11

windows into a culture because they offer clues about how its people relate to one another and about what is important.

Answer 11

physical objects

Question 12

the intangible human creations that include beliefs, values, norms,
and symbols.

Answer 12

nonmaterial culture

Question 13

conceptions that people accept as true concerning how the world operates and the place of the individual in relationship to others.

Answer 13

Beliefs

Question 14

shared conceptions of what is good, right, desirable, or important.

Answer 14

values

Question 15

written and unwritten rules that specify behaviors appropriate and inappropriate to a particular social situation

Answer 15

norms

Question 16

norms exist for virtually every kind of situation:

Answer 16

unwritten norms

Question 17

norms that apply to the mundane aspects or details of daily life

Answer 17

Folkways

Question 18

norms that people define as essential to the well-being of a group.

Answer 18

Mores

Question 19

anything—a word, an object, a sound, a feeling, an odor, a gesture, an idea—to which people assign a name and a meaning

Answer 19

symbols

Question 20

symbol system that assigns meaning to particular sounds, gestures, pictures, or specific combinations of letters.

Answer 20

language

Question 21

“No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality.

Answer 21

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis/ Sapir-whorf hypothesis

Question 22

to capture the cultural variety that exists among people who find themselves sharing some physical or virtual space.

Answer 22

cultural diversity

Question 23

groups that share in certain parts of the mainstream culture but have distinctive values, norms, beliefs, symbols, language, and/or material culture that set them apart in some way.

Answer 23

subcultures

Question 24

in reference to a cultural group or subculture whose values and norms of behavior run counter to those of the social mainstream.

Answer 24

counterculture

Question 25

a point of view in which people use their home culture as the standard for judging the worth of another culture’s ways.

Answer 25

Ethnocentrism

Question 26

describes ethnocentric thought in this way: “One can think so exclusively in terms of his own social world that he simply has no set of concepts for comparing one social world with another.

Answer 26

Everett Hughes

Question 27

puts one culture at the center of everything, and all other ways are “scaled and rated with reference to it”

Answer 27

ethnocentrism

Question 28

a home culture is regarded as inferior to a foreign culture.

Answer 28

reverse ethnocentrism

Question 29

People who engage in this kind of thinking often idealize other cultures as utopias

Answer 29

reverse ethnocentrism

Question 30

an antidote to ethnocentrism

Answer 30

cultural relativism

Question 31

cultural relativism means two things

Answer 31

(1) that a foreign culture should not be judged by the standards of a home culture, and (2) that a behavior or way of thinking must be examined in its cultural context—that is, in terms of that culture’s values, norms, beliefs, environmental challenges, and history

Question 32

a perspective that aims to understand a culture on its own terms;

Answer 32

cultural relativism

Question 33

a mental and physical strain that people can experience as they adjust to the ways of a new culture.

Answer 33

culture shock

Question 34

factors in which culture shock varies

Answer 34

(1) the extent to which the home and foreign cultures differ, (2) the level of preparation for living in a new culture, and (3) the circumstances––vacation, job transfer, or war––surrounding the encounter.

Question 35

culture shock in reverse, upon returning home after living in another culture (Koehler 1986).

Answer 35

reentry shock

Question 36

factors affecting reentry shock

Answer 36

the length of time someone has lived in the host culture and the extent to which the returnee has internalized the ways of the host culture.

Question 37

The process by which an idea, an invention, or a way of behaving is borrowed from a foreign source and then adopted by the borrowing people

Answer 37

cultural diffusion.

Question 38

used in the broadest sense; it can mean steal, imitate, purchase, or copy

Answer 38

borrowed

Question 39

People in one culture do not borrow ideas or inventions indiscriminately from another culture. Instead, borrowing is often selective. Even if people in one culture accept a foreign idea or invention, they are nevertheless choosy about which features of the item they adopt.

Answer 39

selective borrowing

Question 40

a process that generates change in the borrowing society.

Answer 40

cultural diffusion

Question 41

the role that norms, values, and beliefs of the borrowing culture play in adjusting to a new product or innovation, specifically adjusting to the associated changes in society

Answer 41

adaptive culture

Question 42

refer to a situation in which adaptive culture fails to adjust in necessary ways to a material innovation and its disruptive consequences

Answer 42

cultural lag

Question 43

One rough indicator of cultural diversity

Answer 43

number of language

Question 44

one characteristic central to all subcultures

Answer 44

members are separated or cut off in varying degrees from those thought to be part of the mainstream culture