Cultural variations

Question 1

who was the key researcher involved in cultural variations

Answer 1

Van Ijzendoorn and Krooneberg

Question 2

when was the key study into cultural variations research

Answer 2

1988

Question 3

what was the aim of Van Ijzendoorns study

Answer 3

• look at proportions of attachment types across a range of countries
• investigate cross-cultural variations of attachment

Question 4

how many studies were taken for Van Ijzendoorns study

Answer 4

-took 32 studies (from 8 countries) of attachment that used the Strange Situation

Question 5

how many children were results used for Van Ijzendoorns study

Answer 5

1,990

Question 6

what was the procedure of Van Ijzendoorns study

Answer 6

-meta-analysis of researches that conducted the Strange Situation and results studies were meta-analysed

Question 7

what were the findings of Van Ijzendoorns study

Answer 7

• in all studies secure was most common- varied from 75% in Britain to 50% in China
• insecure-avoidant was most common in Germany and least common in Japan
• insecure-resistant was overall least common- varied from 3% in Britain to around 30% in Israel
• variations between results of studies within the same country were 150% greater than those between countries e.g. in USA one study found 46% securely attached and another as high as 90%

Question 8

what was the aim of Simonella et al

Answer 8

an italian study to see whether proprtions of babies of different attachment types still matches those found in previous studies

Question 9

what was the procedure of Simonella et al’s study

Answer 9

researcher assessed 76, 12 month olds using the Strange Situation

Question 10

what were the findings of Simonella et al’s study

Answer 10

• 50% were secure, 36% insecure-avoidant- lower rate of secure attachment than any other studies
• researchers suggest because of the increasing numbers of mothers working long hours and use professional care

Question 11

when was Simonella et al’s study

Answer 11

2014

Question 12

when was Jin et al’s study

Answer 12

2012

Question 13

what was the aim of Jin et al’s study

Answer 13

compare proportions of attachment types in Korea to other studies

Question 14

what was the procedure of Jin et al’s study

Answer 14

Strange Situation used to assess 87 children

Question 15

what were the findings of Jin et al’s study

Answer 15

• overall proportions of insecure and secure babies were similar with most being secure
• most classified as insecurely attached were resistant and only one child was avoidant
• similar to distribution of attachment types found in Japan as they have similar child-rearing styles

Question 16

what were the Strange Situation results for USA

Answer 16

18 studies
-65% secure
-21% avoidant
14% resistant

Question 17

what were the Strange Situation results for Israel

Answer 17

2 studies

• 64% secure
• 7% avoidant
• 29% resistant

Question 18

what were the Strange Situation results for Japan

Answer 18

2 studies

• 68% secure
• 5% avoidant
• 27% resistant

Question 19

what were the Strange Situation results for West Germany

Answer 19

3 studies

• 57% secure
• 35% avoidant
• 8% resistant

Question 20

what are evaluation points for Strange Situation as a cross cultural tool-generalisability

Answer 20

huge samples (Ijzendoorn) increases generalisability which in turn increases application

Question 21

what are evaluation points for Strange Situation as a cross cultural tool- reliability

Answer 21

high reliability/ inter-rater reliability

Question 22

what are evaluation points for Strange Situation as a cross cultural tool- appliaction

Answer 22

meta analysis states it is measuring culture but is only looking at country- needs to be clearer on differences within countries

Question 23

what are evaluation points for Strange Situation as a cross cultural too- validity

Answer 23

imposed ethics reduces internal validity as does not consider measurements in cultural situation leading to false conclusions