cultural variation in attachment

Question 1

van Ijzendoorn + Kroonenberg

Answer 1

meta analysis of 8 countries. Most kids secure attachment but high resistance in Japan + high avoidance in Germany. Different between cultures limited as most securely attached. More intra-cultural differences.

Question 2

Takahashi

Answer 2

insecure resistant in Japan as babies never alone under 12 months of age.

Question 3

Grossman + Grossman

Answer 3

avoidant in Germany because taught to be self reliant

Question 4

Simonella

Answer 4

strange situation in Italy. Only 50% secure, lower than previous years. Mothers worked more so cultural changes can impact attachment. Support for cultural variations.