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Documents and Misc > Cultural Typologies > Flashcards

Cultural Typologies Flashcards

1
Q

Define culture

A

Set of learned attitudes, vales, goals, behaviors, and material things that characterizes a group of people

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2
Q

High-context cultures (Hall)

A

Homogenous cultures, importance of nonverbal communication and word choice, silence is useful, face, conflict is destructive

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3
Q

Low-context cultures (Hall)

A

Heterogenous cultures, verbal communication on, word choice less important, silence is suspicious, direct and open communication, disagrement and protest okay, conflict is positive

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4
Q

Monochrome cultures (Hall)

A

Time is linear, time has “slots” wihtout 1 activity per slot, material things - can be bought, spent, wasted, lost, don’t like change of plants, punctuality valued

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5
Q

Polychrome cultures (Hall)

A

Time is fluid; overlapping activities; flexibility; punctuality not required

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6
Q

How does Hall categorize Russia?

A

High-context and polychrome culture; non-verbal communication, silence is wisdom, don’t refuse, little information available - should hunt for clues

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7
Q

How does Hall categorize the US?

A

Low-context and monochronic; verbal communication important, encourage speaking up, silence is bad because it means shy, suspicious thoughts, it’s okay to say no, overabundance of information

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8
Q

Masculine/feminine cultures

A

Masculine: Fixed gender roles; encouraged to be assertive and strive for authority/status/material wealth
Feminie: Flexible gender roles; nurture/support/caring valued

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9
Q

Uncertainly avoidance

A

High: Unfamiliar situations are threatening and stressful, desire for predictability and rules, discomfort with unknown, familiar evil is better than an unfamiliar evil
Low uncertainty avoidance: Unfamiliar situations are good, exhilarating, challenging, rules established only when necessary

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10
Q

Power distance

A

How people perceive hierarchies
High power distance: Hierarchies are inherent and natural; higher-ups feared and worshipped, etiquette, bureaucracy, respect, space from higher ups, exclusive clubs
Low power distance: Hierarchies created for convenience; higher and lower status equal, want equality

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11
Q

Long-term orientation

A

Long-term orientation: Want to establish an absolute Truth; ideal standard or model (normative) thinking; respect traditions; save for future; perseverance
Short-term orientation: truth depends on context, adapt traditions to changed conditions; don’t save for future; want quick results

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12
Q

Paternalistic cultures

A

Paternalistic: Govt/state acts and protects like family

Non-paternalistic: family protects; govt should not interfere

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13
Q

Indulgence

A

High indulgence: Free frat if I cation of basic human drives; okay to enjoy life and have fun
High restraint: Suppress gratification of needs; strict social norms

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14
Q

How do Russia and the US compare with regards to power distance?

A

Russia is high (93), US is medium-low (40)

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15
Q

How do Russia and the US compare with regards to individualism?

A

Russia is low (39), US is high (91)

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16
Q

How to Russia and the US compare with regards to masculinity?

A

Russia is a more feminine culture (39), while the US is more masculine (62)

17
Q

How do Russia and the US compare with regards to uncertainty avoidance?

A

Russia is high 995), while the US is medium-low (46)

18
Q

How do Russia and the US compare with regards to long-term orientation?

A

The US very low, which shows short-term orientation (29), while there were no official results for Russia, it is believed Russia is medium or long-term orientation

19
Q

What are the value orientations and who developed them?

A

Time, Humanity and Natural Environment, Relating to Others, Activity Orientation; developed by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck

20
Q

Time Orientation

A

Past-oriented: Preserve and maintain traditional teachings and beliefs
Present-oriented: Flexible, change beliefs and traditions
Future-oriented: Plan ahead, seek new ways to replace old, innovation

21
Q

Humanity and Natural Environment

A

Mastery: Total control by humans over forces of nature and supernatural
Harmonious: Live in balance with natural forces; partial but not total control
Submissive: Subject to higher power of natural forces

22
Q

Relating to Others

A

Hierarchial: Defer to higher authority
Collateral: Emphasis on consensus within extended group of equals
Individualistic: Emphasis on individual or individual families within group who make decisions separately from others

23
Q

Activity Orientation:

A

Being: Internal motivation, values our own activity but not necessarily others’ activities
Being-in-becoming: Motivated by wanting to develop and grow abilities that are seen as valuable by group but not necessarily by other groups
Doing: Motivation external; activity valued both by ourselves and approved by others in group

24
Q

How do the US and Russia compare with regards to Human Nature?

A

Russia and US: basically good

25
Q

How do Russia and the US compare with regards to Humanity and Nature

A

Russia: Mastery and submissiveness
US: Mastery

26
Q

How do Russia and the US compare with regards to Time?

A

Russia: Present and future:
US: Future

27
Q

How do Russia and the US compare with regards to Activity?

A

Russia: Being
US: Doing

28
Q

How do Russia and the US compare with regards to Relationships?

A

Russia: Hierarchial
US: Individualistic

29
Q

List the American Values

A

Material wealth; change, planning for the future; individualism and independence; hard work; family is nuclear; technology and achievement; emphasis on manners and etiquette, niceness; faith and plurality of faith (respect)

30
Q

List the Russian Values

A

Stability; nostalgia and sentimentality; respect for elders, take care of aged and sick family members, respect for elder opinions, include elder in decision-making; extended family; deep relationships and friendships

31
Q

What Values do both the US and Russia share?

A

Technology and achievemnt; save face - preserve social status and reputation; living up to group and societal expectations; humans good; unique path/Manifest Destiny

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