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cultural studies Flashcards

1
Q

What is culture? Definition by J.T. Adams

A

About how to live/the art of living, not how to survive

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2
Q

What are examples for low vs. High culture

A

Low: popular press, blockbuster, popular entertainment
High: quality press, art cinema, entertainment

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3
Q

What counts to culture

A
  • rituals
  • Behaviour
  • Religion
  • Traditions
  • Language
  • Beliefs
  • Values/norms (internalised via socialisation acculturation)
  • Attitudes
  • Art (visible)
  • Music
  • drama
  • Food
  • Customs
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4
Q

What does it take to understand other cultures?

A

Intercultural competence

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5
Q

Who was Ferdinand de Saussure?

A

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) was a Swiss linguist and
philosopher

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6
Q

What was Ferdinand de Saussures „idea“?

A

Sign = Signifier + Signified
Relation arbitrary

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7
Q

Who was Raymond Williams?

A

Raymond Williams (1921-1988) was a welsh socialist writer, academic,
novelist and critical influential.
Co-founder of the center for contemporary cultural studies

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8
Q

What are Raymond Williams 3 definitions on culture?

A
  1. artistic activity: music, literature, theatre, film, painting, dance
  2. Way of life: complex, inclusive, dynamic
  3. Networks of signification, meaning, power relation,
    constructed and (re)negotiated by various agencies and
    forces; governed by the desire for and struggle over power
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9
Q

Who was Stuart Hall?

A

Stuart Hall (1932-2014) was a Marxist sociologist, cultural theorist and
political activist.

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10
Q

What is Stuart Hall‘s definition on culture?

A

„The framework through which we represent, interpret, understand and
make sense of some aspect of social existence.“
„Is about binaries that define what is normal, what belongs to us and
what is excluded.“

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11
Q

What are macro-social factors?

A

Geopolitical/territorial
Gender
Racial/ethnic
Language
Religious
Socio-economical

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12
Q

What happens when identity is under attack?

A

Marginalised identities develop through discrimination and exclusion.

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13
Q

What’s the conceptual definition of culture? (3

A
  1. A complex frame of reference consisting of norms, beliefs, traditions,
    values, symbols and meanings that are shared
  2. shared to varying degrees by members of a community
  3. it guides their behaviour and helps their understanding of the world
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14
Q

What is identity about?

A

Difference and sameness

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15
Q

What are responses of marginalised identities through discrimination and
exclusion?

A

Individual (try hard)
Collective (embracing + fighting (in politics) = identity politics +
challenging + transformative

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16
Q

What is self-identity?

A
  • emotional identification
  • Defined by commonalities (shared features) and differences towards
    others
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17
Q

What is a social identity?

A

our expectations
* Opinions others have of us
* Description of ourselves and social ascriptions (Zuschreibungen

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18
Q

What’s a cultural identity? (3)

A
  • sense of belonging to a group
  • Overlaps with social identity
  • Media shapes our identity
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19
Q

What is truth based on?

A

It’s based on different kinds of knowledge

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20
Q

Identity…(4)

A

… is culturally and historically specific
… is always a narrative identity
… is not static. It’s subject to change
… shapes us and cannot exist outside of culture/society; subjectivity

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21
Q

What’s subjectivity?

A
  • the processes by which we become a person
  • How we are constituted as subjects
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22
Q

What’s discourse? (Foucault)5

A
  • sum of activities and texts that create (cultural) meaning = shape our identity
  • Governs conditions and possibilities for how people construct their identity
  • Organises our knowledge of the world
  • Written influence on identity (for example Immanuel Kant/discourse on hysteria
  • The regime of truth
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23
Q

What’s discourse? (Barker + Jane)

A

Conditions and possibilities for how people construct their identity

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24
Q

What’s identity politics?

A

a tendency for people of a particular religion, race or social background, etc., to form exclusive political alliances, moving away from traditional broad-based party politics.

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25
Q

What’s national identity?

A

A form of imaginative identification with the nation-state as expressed through symbols and discourses. Thus, nations are not only political formations but also systems of cultural representation, so that national identity is continually reproduced through discursive action.

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26
Q

Who was Michael Foucault?

A

1926-1984
French Philosopher

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27
Q

What’s heteronormative gender order determined by?

A
  • socialisation (f.e. Family, school)
  • Media culture
  • Everyday culture
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28
Q

What’s gender?

A
  • marker of social difference
  • Performance of normativity
  • matter of discourse
  • Historically specific/unstable/melleable
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29
Q

What’s performance in gender?

A

Role-playing

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30
Q

What’s performative in gender?

A

It produces effects

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31
Q

What’s performativity in gender?

A

Repetition of painful gender norms

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32
Q

What are examples of sexual and domestic violence?

A
  • rape culture
  • Locker room talk
  • Culture of silence
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33
Q

What factors count to politics of sexism?

A
  • social
  • Media
  • Education
  • Health
  • Culture
  • Economic
  • Political
  • Legal
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34
Q

Example politics of sexism: social?

A
  • sexist behaviour at work
  • Pornography
  • Fashion
  • Motherhood = no career
  • Care-giver for free
  • Sports
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35
Q

Examples politics of sexism: media?

A
  • male heroes
  • Women in distress
  • No female directors
  • Pay gap
  • Cyberbullying
  • Abuse
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36
Q

Examples politics of sexism: education?

A
  • no access to college
  • No/fewer female presidents/professors
  • Grant money
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37
Q

Examples politics of sexism: health?

A
  • generic medication
  • Data gap for female illnesses
  • Blood pressure
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38
Q

Examples politics of sexism: culture?

A
  • language
  • No (few) female directors of cultural institutions
  • Separate spheres= housewife vs bread winner
  • Stereotypes
  • Objectification
  • Practices: femicide, male gaze, genital mutilation
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39
Q

Examples politics of sexism: economic?

A
  • no/few female CEOs
  • Pay gap
  • Pensions
  • Covid
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40
Q

Examples politics of sexism: political?

A
  • no/few female members of congress/head of state
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41
Q

Examples politics of sexism: legal?

A
  • in past/other countries: no right to own property, no voting rights, abortion, same-sex marriage/love, headscarf obligation
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42
Q

What’s feminism?

A
  • academic and social movement to end sexism
  • Rejects sex-based discrimination
  • Demands full rights for all women and men
  • Challenges subordination and devaluation of women trying to further their interests
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43
Q

1st wave of feminism?

A

19th cent.-1920: struggle of the suffragettes to win the vote/gain political and legal Equality

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44
Q

2nd wave of feminism?

A

1960s: civil rights movement; breaking free from domestic roles, fight for abortion rights and social equality

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45
Q

3rd wave of feminism?

A

1990s: very diverse movement, addresses multitude topics, gender
theory

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46
Q

4th wave of feminism?

A

2010s: pop or postfeminism

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47
Q

5th wave of feminism?

A

2020s: bad and angry feminists, activism: BLM

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48
Q

Milestones: 1964?

A

1964: Civil Rights Act: prohibits employment discrimination based on race, religion, origin and sex

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49
Q

Milestones: 1972?

A

1972: Equal Rights Amendmend (ERA) passes in Senat, falls in 1982

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50
Q

Milestones: 1973?

A

1973: Abortion becomes legal (Roe vs Wade)

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51
Q

Milestones: 1994?

A

1994: Violence Against Women Act provides services for victims of race/domestic violence

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52
Q

Milestones: 2003?

A

2003: Supreme Court overturns sodomy laws

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53
Q

What’s sodomy?

A

Sexuelle Handlung, die nicht zur Fortpflanzung dient

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54
Q

Milestones: 2015?

A

Same-sex marriage legalised in the US nationwide

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55
Q

Cultural studies on gender and sexual identity

A

It’s a matter of discourse
Is historically specific, unstable, malleable

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56
Q

Gender identity is constructed through…

A

Difference

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57
Q

Milestones: 2022?

A

2022: Supreme Court overturns Roe vs Wade and exacerbates access to safe abortions

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58
Q

What’s social constructivism?

A

“what we consider to be natural sexual or genader behavior is culturally constructed.”
Gender is constructed by the reteration of th norm.
Gender is also regulated and these regulations have consequences. - Judith Butler

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59
Q

Who’s Judith butler?

A

1956
US American philosopher

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60
Q

What’s polyamory?

A

Intimate relationships with more than one partner, with the consent of all partners involved

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61
Q

What’s monogamish?

A

A couple that allows varying degrees of sexual contact with others, or is consensually exchanging partners (swinging)

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62
Q

What’s relationship anarchy?

A

No priority of romantic and sex-based relationships over non-sexual relationships, no demands or expectations

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63
Q

What’s TERF?

A

Trans exclusionary radical feminists

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64
Q

What’s patriarchy? (Bell Hooks)

A

“Patricarchy is the single most-lifethreatening social disease assaulting the male body and spirit in our nation. Yet most men never think about patriarchy- what it means, how it is created and sustained.”

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65
Q

What’s race? Definition bell adams 2007

A

A social construct that atrificially divides people into distinct groups based certain characteristics such as physical appearences(skin color) acestral heritage, cultural history, ethnicity,…
Racial categories subsume thcnic groups

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66
Q

What is culture war?

A
  • a political struggle for control of cultural and educational institutions
  • An ideological struggle for political and cultural dominance’s between
    conservatives and liberals
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67
Q

What’s the original meaning of wokeness?
What’s the meaning of wokeness now?

A

Original: recognising racial subjugation committed by whites
Now: entire political ideology: woke Americans see themselves as
promoters of the right of minorities, from people of colour and
immigrants of the LGBTQ and transgender communities

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68
Q

What’s anti-colonialsm?

A
  • Resisting colonialism and its
    effects
  • Political emancipation
  • cultural self-determination
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69
Q

What’s abolitionism?
When?

A

Die Bewegung zur Beendung der Sklaverei
17th-19th century
The end: 1863

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70
Q

What’s race? Definition Chris Barker

A

Race indicates categories of people based on alleged biological
characteristics, including skin pigmentation.

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71
Q

NAACP?

A

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Eine der ältesten Organisationen der schwarzen
Bürgerrechtsbewegung der USA
1900-1930

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72
Q

Harlem Renaissance?

A

Die Harlem-Renaissance war eine soziale, kulturelle und künstlerische
Bewegung afroamerikanischer Schriftsteller und Maler zwischen
ungefähr 1920 und 1930.

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73
Q

When was the black civil rights and black arts movement?

A

1960-70

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74
Q

When was the new black renaissance?

A

1990s

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75
Q

When started the Black Lives Matter movement?

A

2013

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76
Q

What’s diaspora?

A

Dispersed networks of ethnically and culturally related peoples. The
concept is concerned with ideas of travel, migration, scattering,
displacement, homes and borders. It commonly, but not alway,
connotes aliens, displaced persons, wanderers, forced and reluctant
flight.

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77
Q

What’s race? Definition Barker, Jane

A

A signifier indicating categories of people based on alleged biological
characteristics, including skin pigmentation. A “racialised group”
would be one identified and subordinated on the grounds of race as a
discursive construct.

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78
Q

What are examples for structural racism?

A
  • victims of racial profiling/police violence
  • Imprisonment: 1 out of 3/ white people: 1 out of 17
  • Less income/wealth
  • Live in poverty (3 times more likely than white American
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79
Q

Structural racism: examples for culture

A
  • stereotypes/negative connotations
  • Blackface
  • Cultural appropriation
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80
Q

Structural racism: language example

A

Curse words

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81
Q

Structural racism: education examples?

A
  • lesser access to text books
  • Past: no access = segregation
  • Under-funded black schools/colleges
  • Diploma gap, few black professors
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82
Q

Structural racism: social examples?

A
  • racism violence
  • Racial profiling
  • Child poverty
  • Mass incarceration
  • Prejudice
  • Micro aggressions
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83
Q

Structural racism: examples for media?

A
  • media invisibility
  • Hollywood pay gap
  • Few non-white producers
  • Past: racism in film history
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84
Q

Structural racism: examples for political?

A
  • racial divide in Congress/senate
  • Immigration, law enforcement
  • Housing policies
  • Voting registration
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85
Q

Structural racism: examples economic?

A
  • income and wealth disparity
  • Un-employment
  • Poverty
  • Labour and housing market
  • Credit market
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86
Q

Structural racism: legal examples?

A

race based hair discrimination
* Past: no voting rights
* Segregation
* Immigration laws
* Slavery
* Police violence

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87
Q

What are micro-aggressions?

A

A statement, action or incident regarded as an instance of indirect,
subtle, or unintentional discrimination against members of a marginalised
group such as a racial or ethnic minority

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88
Q

What’s the critical race theory?

A

A theoretical framework for examining race and racism

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89
Q

Who coined the term “critical race theory”?

A

1989 Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw

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90
Q

What’s intersectionality?

A

Discrimination overlapping and compounding each other

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91
Q

Who are critics of CRT?

A

politicians
* School adminstrators: banning teaching about race theory
* Media
* President (Trump)
* Anti-CRT-Movement

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92
Q

What’s political correctness?

A

Political correctness is a way of respectfully addressing minorities and
marginalised social groups in a way that demonstrates the speaker’s
awareness and critical reflection of their own privilege. It promotes social
change, equality and justice for all.

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93
Q

What are the goals of political correctness?

A

social transformation through (linguistic) change
* Attain more equity for marginalised groups
* Anti-discrimination measures (no slurs, gender-sensitive, inclusive
language, no cultural appropriation)

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94
Q

What’s the overlap of Political Correctness and CRT?

A
  • inclusion
  • Recognition
  • Visibility
  • No erasure
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95
Q

Who coined identity politics

A

1977, black feminists

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96
Q

What’s identity politics?

A

It revolves around a specific groups shared experiences of injustice
(marginalisation, discrimination, invisibility, erasure)
* about cultural distinctiveness/belonging
* Political mobilisation based on identitarian affirmation
* New left is invested in identity politics

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97
Q

What are critique of identity politics? 8

A
  • universities = full of political correctness
  • =thought police
  • Created climate of fear
  • Reverses the racial hierarchy
  • Ignores questions regarding economic inequality
  • Form of illiberalism
  • Co-opted by capitalism
  • It fuelled the emergence of white identity politics
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98
Q

What is race?

A

Race: “a signifier indicating categories of people based on alleged biologicl characteristics, including skin pigmentation. A racialed group would be one identified and subordinated on the grounds of race as a discursiv construct.” - Barker and JAne

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99
Q

What is a social construct?

A

It divides people into distinct groups based on certain characteristics
(physical appearance) etc.

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100
Q

What’s racialisation?

A

A process/structure in which people are categorised according to
racist characteristics, stereotyped and hierarchised

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101
Q

H.L. Gates

A

Is known for his pioneering theories of African literatures and African
American literature

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102
Q

James Baldwin

A

= civil rights activist who was best known for his semiautobiographical novels that Center on race/sexuality/politics

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103
Q

Tony Morrison

A

Writer who won a lot of prestigious prizes

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104
Q

Bell Hooks

A

Author and social activist
Wrote about race, feminism, class, teached at an university

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105
Q

Ibram X. Kendi

A

Author, professor, anti-racist activist and historian of race and
discriminatory policy

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106
Q

Trayvon Martin

A

2012
Killed on his way to the store, unarmed, 17 years old
⑭

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107
Q

Michael Brown

A

2014
Ferguson, 18 years old, unarmed

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108
Q

What did happen in Ferguson, Aug 14?

A

The Protests started

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109
Q

When was George Floyd killed?

A

May 25, 2020

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110
Q

What was April 20th, 2021?

A

Chauvin was found guilty of murdering George Floyd

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111
Q

How to combat racism? Steps to understanding racial bias 7

A

7Teach it!
6 Advocate /Ally
5
Action
4 Reflection/ Acceptance
3 Understanding
2 Awareness
1 I don’tknow anything.

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112
Q

What’s wokeness?

A
  • stands for larger anti-racist and pro social justice ideology/movement
  • Recognising racial subjugation committed by whites
  • Popularity: stay woke as watchword for BLM activists in Ferguson
    (2014)
  • Backlash: conservatives (2011) took it up as a slur
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113
Q

What is DEI

A

Diversity
Equity
Inclusion

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114
Q

When was European slave trade in west Africa?

A

15th-19th century

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115
Q

What’s Anti-Colonialism?

A
  • political emancipation: national independence
  • Cultural self-determination: revision of educational and literary canon,
    celebration of traditional clothing, music, holidays
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116
Q

What’s Orientalism?

A
  • milestone in postcolonial theory
  • A system of patronising perceptions and fictional depictions of “the
    east”. Representations that brought the Orient into western learning
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117
Q

Stereotypes of west and east

A

West is: reational, democratic, ordered, adult, cvilized
East is: irrational, despotic, chaotic, child-like, unciilized

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118
Q

What’s diaspora?

A
  • transnational networks, dispersal as a result of violence and
    displacement
  • Identities are concerned with routes than with roots
  • Intergenerational differences
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119
Q

What’s hybridity?

A

Cultural mixing, transcultural forms produced by colonisation

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120
Q

Reality doesn‘t exist outside the process of ______.
______ doesn‘t exist without representations.
Culture is a signifying ______ of representation.

A

Representation
Culture
Practice

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121
Q

What does representation work with?

A

signs

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122
Q

What are examples for linguistic and non-verbal signs?

A

Language and facial expression, body, clothing, flags, symbols,…

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123
Q

What’s ISA? (Ideological State Apparatus) -
Louis Althusser

A

Mental control: education, socialisation, family, church, art, literature,
media

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124
Q

Social stratification?

A

Soziale schichtung

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125
Q

What’s RSA? (Reppressive State Apparatus) -
Louis Althusser

A

Physical control through the police, military, judicial system, prison

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126
Q

What are examples for written signs?

A

Non-literary and literary, pop-culture, lyrics

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127
Q

What are examples for audio- and visual texts?

A

Photo, image, digital, film, ads, art, architecture, sound, music

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128
Q

How are representations produced?

A

In contexts

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129
Q

What do representations secure?

A

A certain framework of meaning

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130
Q

What’s ideology? Urban Dictionary

A

How one believes the world should be run

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131
Q

Who was the first to use the term „ideology“?

A

marx

132
Q

What can ideology not be reduced to?

A

opinions

133
Q

What is typically the ideology?

A

The ideas of the ruling class

134
Q

The _____ shapes (and maintains the superstructure.
The base is being maintained (and shaped) by the ______.

A

Base
Superstructure

135
Q

Who was Antonio Gramsci?

A
  • leader of Italian communist party, was imprisoned by Italian fascists
  • Came up with cultural hegemony (gr. egemonia = ruling ideas), which
    Marx didn‘t use
136
Q

Who was Louis Althusser?

A

born in Algeria, member of French Communist Party
* Strangled his wife in 1980 (bi-polar disorder)

137
Q

What does Louis Althusser differentiates between?

A

2 types of ideology:
1. Ideological State Apparatus (ISA): mental control: education,
socialisation, family, church, art, literature, media
2. Repressive State Apparatus (RSA): physical control through police,
military, judicial system, prison

138
Q

What is cultural hegemony?

A

dominant ideas that control the minds
* Become the prevailing cultural norm of a society
* Ruling by consent, it secures dominance of one group over others
* Instrument of social-class domination, imposed by ruling class
* Produced, reproduced and transformed in popular culture and mass
media

139
Q

Whats cultural studies‘ definition of ideology?

A

A set of meaning which makes sense of the world (ideological
discourse) in ways that misrecognize and misrepresent power and class
relations

140
Q

What are political ideologies in the US today (Republicans) - political,
racial and cultural?

A

Political: tax cuts, fracking, military spending
Racial: anti-affirmative action
Cultural: anti-abortion/pro-life, gun control

141
Q

What are political ideologies in the US today (Democrats) -
political, racial and cultural?

A

Political: Government spending, government health insurance,
minimum wage, UBI, environmental issues
Racial: support for civil rights, racial equality, immigration, integration,
fair housing
Cultural: sexual diversity, LGBTQI+, gender roles

142
Q

What are indicators of class? 8

A
  • environmental safety
  • Inheritance
  • Wealth
  • Income
  • Education
  • Occupation
  • Job security
  • Political participation
143
Q

What are markers of class?

A
  • homeownership
  • (Un-)employment
  • Life expectancy
  • Lifestyle
144
Q

Membership of class?

A

By birth but class mobility exists
US: 4% of bottom make it to the top, in EU the rate is higher

145
Q

Ideology of class?

A

American Dream Narrative vs. Marxist view
Upwards mobility vs. Class antagonism

146
Q

What does SES mean?

A

Socio-economic-status

147
Q

What comes with higher-class status?

A
  • good health care
  • Speaking the same dialect as people with institutional power
  • Social contacts
  • Parental power
  • Good looks
148
Q

What does HSES mean?
What are the stereotypes?

A

High socio economic status
Posh, greedy, cold-hearted

149
Q

What does MSES mean?
What are the stereotypes?

A

Middle socio economic status
Educated, well dressed, well mannered, happy family

150
Q

What does LSES mean?
What are the stereotypes?

A

Low socio economic status
Chavs, welfare queen, redneck, white trash, hillbilly

151
Q

Whats cultural capital, according to Pierre Bourdieu?

A
  • education
  • Language
  • Mannerism
  • Social activities, hobbies
  • Dress code, body type
  • Worldview and political beliefs
  • Knowledge (IT), emotional skills
152
Q

Whats classism?

A

Discrimination and lack of respect for any human and their needs based
on their class

153
Q

Whats the belief of classism?

A

Classist institutions and policies are fair

154
Q

Whats povertyism?

A

Individuals are discriminated agains and socially excluded for being
poor. This stigma can lead to internalised classism and class shaming.

155
Q

Classism in psychology?

A
  • class shaming
  • Internalised classism
156
Q

What are tropes of the American dream?

A
  • the self made man
  • From rags to riches
  • Opportunity
157
Q

What are values of the American dream?

A
  • competition
  • Self determination
  • Self interest
  • Hard work and ambition
  • Liberty
  • Prosperity
  • Prestige
158
Q

What are core concepts of the American dream?

A
  • individualism
  • Socio-economic mobility
  • Meritocracy
159
Q

What are promises of the American dream?

A
  • comfort
  • Security
  • Happiness
  • Luxury
  • Consumption
  • Fame
  • Success
160
Q

When did neoliberalism begun?

A

30s/40s

161
Q

What’s neoliberalism?
(Video)

A

A normalised culture of economic absurdity

162
Q

What do we associate with neoliberalism?8

A
  • success
  • Business
  • Team
  • Support
  • Marketing
  • Competition
  • Opportunities
  • Innovation
163
Q

What do we need to overcome neoliberalism?

A

We need to recognise how we arrived at this contemporary moment

164
Q

What are 3 basic components to capitalism and neoliberalism?

A
  1. Growth and profit
  2. Division of capital vs labor
  3. Competition
165
Q

Capitalism: Diachronic: 17th century?

A

Replacing feudalism, colonialism (trade and commerce with India,
Tulip trade bloomed)
In 1637 prices fell drastically

166
Q

Capitalism: Diachronic: 18th century

A

Early modern capitalism (textile industry and technology f.e. Spinning
Jenny)

167
Q

Capitalism: Diachronic: 19th century ?

A

Industrial revolution, resources from the colonies, steam power (coal)
and railroads

168
Q

Capitalism: Diachronic: 20th century?

A

Mass production (Fordism)
Neoliberal capitalism
Corporations

169
Q

Capitalism: Diachronic: 21st century?

A

Financial of cognitive capitalism; globalisation and digitalisation

170
Q

Capitalism: Diachronic: 1940?

A

Economics: Milton Friedman (intellectual head) = pro state regulation
(welfare, health care, …) investment in the market during crisis
(depression) = embedded liberalism

171
Q

1980 (capitalism, diachronic)?

A

neoliberal politics:
MArgaret Thatcher (UK Prime Minister)
Ronald Reagan (US President)

172
Q

What is social constructivism?

A

“What we consider to be “natural” sexual oder gender behavior is culturally constructed”
Gender is constructed by the reitreration of the norm
Gender is also regulated and these regulations have consequences

173
Q

Who started #blacklivesmatter?

A

Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi

174
Q

Who is H.L. Gates and what did he do?

A

Is known for his pioneering theories of African literatures and African
American literature
Picture of a man with suit and tie, glasses and white beard, no hair

175
Q

Who is James Baldwin and what did he do?

A

civil rights activist who was best known for his semi-autobiographical novels that Center on race/sexuality/politics
Black and white photo of black man in white shirt and black tie

176
Q

Who is Tony Morrison and what did she do?

A

Writer who won a lot of prestigious prizes
Photo: Black women with grey hair

177
Q

Who is Bell Hooks and what did she do?

A

Author and social activist
Wrote about race, feminism, class, teached at an university
photo middleaged woman with black hair and nice smile

178
Q

Who is Ibram X. Kendi and what did he do ?

A

Author, professor, anti-racist activist and historian of race and
discriminatory policy
photo: ende 30, long black braids

179
Q

Who was Trevor Martin?

A

2012
Killed on his way to the store, unarmed, 17 years old
photo: black and white, boy hat kapuze über kopf

180
Q

Who was Michael Brown?

A

2014
Ferguson, 18 years old, unarmed
photo of graduation with green gown and hat

181
Q

Who was Eric Garner?

A

Died 2014
Photo: seems to be struggling with someone

182
Q

Who was Tamir Rice?

A

Cleveland, 2014, shot dead at 12 yrs
Photo: cute little boy with hoodie

183
Q

Who was Ahmaud Arbery?

A

Killed in 2020 when jogging by residents
photo: man in suit and tie, looks like yearbook photo

184
Q

who was Breonna Taylor?

A

Killed iin 2020 by police officers while asleep
photo: young woman in her 20 black hair, chin length

185
Q

How to combat racism? Steps to understanding racial bias

A
  1. I don’t know anything
  2. Awareness
  3. Understanding
  4. Reflecting/ Acceptance
  5. Action
  6. Advocate/ Ally
  7. Teach it!
186
Q

Different stereotypes of afroamerican people

A

Mulatta: beautiful, exotic, mixed race, “stained” woman –> photo: black and white picture of woman in gown and hat in some kind of park
Toms: Good submissive stoic –> Photo: old black man reading a story to little white girl
Coons: slapstick entertainers, Sambo, Jim Crow –> Picture of black man in very weird position, looks like he is dancing
Mammies: Big, bossy, devoted house servant –>Photo of black woman with headscarf and maid outfit
Bucks: big, strong, violent, oversexed male –> Photo of man harrassing a woman

187
Q

Start Hall on representation

A

Representation: to depict, stand in for, imagine, present, represent
it is: textual, political, a signifying practice

188
Q

What is class consciousness?

A

“Class consciousness”, however, aims to establish a system ‘from each according to his ability’ to ‘each according to his need’, not built on the profit imperative of the ruling class

189
Q

Marx’s critique of Ideology
Ideology = false consciousness that aimes to
___ the structure of exploitation
___ the extraction of surplus value from the proletariat
___ the socio-economic, - political system and the interest of the ruling class

A

obscure
secure
legitimize

190
Q

What are the 3 takeaways of Marx‘ and Engels‘ „German
Ideology“ (1845/46)

A
  1. The nature of individuals depends on the material conditions determining their production –> humans neet to produce this to maintain themselves
  2. division of labor: ruling class (eg. nobility, landowner, factory owner) and exploited class (worker) and expropriated class (enslaved people) –> conflict of interest
  3. consciousness
191
Q

Classism in economy/ finance?

A

CEOs are from upper class, trickle down economy
Finance: subprine mortgages started the financial crisis

192
Q

Classism in space

A

> gated communiteies vs “ghetto”
gentrification: expelling the homless from public spaces, defunding of public parks
living spaces: crowded appartments vs lofts

193
Q

Classism in culture and society

A

> high culture = status, prestige
wealth adoration
class beloning and different values
parenting styles are different

194
Q

Classism in media

A

ownership
ceo
Producer
Clisches
invisibility
screentime men vs woman

195
Q

classism in psychology

A

> class shaming
internalised classism

196
Q

classism in education

A

> public, private high schools
quality depends on neighbourhood
state college vs Ivy League University
lower SES makes students vicims of bullying or lunch-shaming
discomfort about class excursions

197
Q

Classism in health and medical classism

A

> 27 mill Americans are uninsured (2021)
bad healt, lower life expectancy rate, addiction, disability, nutrtion
low SES is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and pulmonary desease
many live in communites where they are exposed to toxicity, which in creases asthma

198
Q

What are the 3 basic modes of representing poverty?

A
  • the sentimental mode: romanticizing the poor
  • the sensational mode: shocking, the poor as crude, grotesque mode, ffocus on the bodily, common in naturalism and modernism
  • the precarious mode: marked by ambiguity, it unsettles the viewer; it elicts a precarious gaze
199
Q

Main goal and beliefs of growth and profit?

A

main goal: profit by maximizing exchange instead of use od value and investment, how: free market and marketing –> result: capital accumulation, free trade
main beliefs: economic growth secures individual’s well-being, freedom to act in one’s self- interest

200
Q

division of capital vs labor

A
  • wealth accumulation
  • inequality
  • privatization of the public sector
  • mass production of consumer goods
  • multinational corporations
201
Q

competition?

A
  • Through competition towards growth (a. Smith)
  • responsability on the individual
  • impacts society, social relations, our ways of life, habits of the heart
202
Q

What is capitalism?

A
  • privately owned capital or means of production
  • to grow
  • exploitative
  • all about money
203
Q

What is neoliberalism?

A
  • philosophy
  • deregulation of markets
  • cutting taxes and tariffs
  • privatization of government functions
204
Q

David Harvey on Neoliberalism?

A
  • theory of political practices proposing that human well-being can best be advanced by the maximisation of entreprenurial freedoms within institutional framework characterised by private property rights, individual liberty, unencumvered markets and free trade: The role of state is to create and preserve the right conditions ( no trade barrieres, regressive tax systems, no unions)
    -above all a project to restore class dominance: succeeded in channeling welath from the lower to the higher class, dismantled institutions and narratives that promoted more egalitarian distributive measures
  • has become a hegemonic discourse with pervasive effects on ways of thought and political economic practices to the point where it is now part of the common sense way we interpret, live in and understand the world
205
Q

David Harvey on creative destruction?

A

= the decay of long-standing practices, procedures, products or services followed by innovative, disruptice ones
- the divisions of labor
- social relations
- welfare positions
- technological innovation
- ways of life
- ways of thought

206
Q

What is the free market?

A

goal: to remain competitive in the global market, be cost efficient
Globalisation of trade: foreign investments, no tariffs, global corporations are off-shoring jobs
- Deregulation of the finance sector, but also gig economy, letterbox companions (tax heavens)
Privatisarion of the public sphere: e.g. hospitals, universities, transportation, schools, prisons, naturals resources (fracking)
Wealth inequality: rising income/pay for CEOs and top 1%, concentration of ownership, stagnating and falling wages for the majority, job insecuroty and working poverty

207
Q

Neoliberalism

A

Economy: Free market, Global Corporations, Deregulation, Wealth inequalily
Politics: Pro-business, Global Trade Agreements, Withdrawal of the State
Society/ Ideology: Individualism, Comercialism, Media, The neoliberal self

208
Q

What does “the neoliberal university” mean?

A
  • student debt crisis in US –> pressure = good grades + internship + temp. jobs + top CV
  • academic staff: underpaid with temp. contract
  • professors should get external funding for research projects = revenue for university (overhead)
209
Q

Society and culture in Neoliberalism

A
  • Working 24/7 (17 vacation days taken by US workers in 2017)
  • consumerism and consumer debt
  • celebrity culture and weath adoration
210
Q

what is the ethos of self-optimization?

A

-status and look fixation
- carreerism
- neoliberal parenting
- new “momism”
- entreprenurial self

211
Q

Whats the ethos of self-realisation, - empowerment, - growth

A

happiness industry
- fitness blogger
- 5 am wake up
etc…

212
Q

what is a body

A

physical flesh and bones of an organism.
within cultural studies: body is held to be stylized and performed/ worked over by culture

213
Q

What are parts of the natural body

A

organs
skeletal -, circulatory-, nervous-, endocrine-, reproductive system

214
Q

What are parts of the cultural body?

A
  • organ transplants
  • implants
    -cognitive enhancements (drugs)
  • diet, exercise, cosmetic surgury
  • narratives of selfregulation (meditation, health gurus)
  • Body modification
  • surgury
  • drug therapy
215
Q

What’s ageism?

A

Discrimination against one’s age
* not getting a job
* Being ignored in certain contexts (invisibility)
* Not being listened to
* Feeling out of place
* Also young people suffer

216
Q

Who had tattoos in the older days?

A

Sailors, imprisoned people

217
Q

Media culture/Body studies:
What was significant of the 30s?

A

Bodybuilding
Body art
Prostitution
Pornography (in between/in rise a little later)

218
Q

Media culture/body studies:
What was in rise in the 50s?

A

Aerobics

219
Q

Media culture/body studies:
What was in rise in the 1980s?

A

Fitness industry
Eating disorders

220
Q

Media culture/body studies:
What was in rise in the 2000s?

A

Artificial reproduction
Surrogate motherhood
Burnout
Cosmetic surgery

221
Q

Media culture/body studies:
What was in rise in about 2010?

A

Biometric surveillance (f.e. Health trackers)
Cognitive enhancement

222
Q

Media culture/body studies:
What was in rise in 2020s?

A

Pornification of pop culture
= extreme sexual positivity
Transgender

223
Q

Whats BDD?

A

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

224
Q

What does a slim body connotate?
Who profits?

A
  • fitness
  • Prestige
  • Moral recitude/virtue
    =capitalism profits
225
Q

Body Performativity?

A
  • corporeal project: “we are doing bodies”
  • body = cultural sign
  • body work= eg. diets, exercise, cosmetic surgury: “we are constantly called upon to perform”
226
Q

Body neutrality vs _____?

A

Body positivity

227
Q

What’s body politics?

A

… are about the regulative institutional power expressed in government and laws. thereby some bodies are marked as inferior, denied rights, regulated, or controlles “biopolitics is deployed to manage populations” (Foucault)

228
Q

Body politics: The law?

A
  • corporeal punishment (torture)
  • Abortion
  • Euthanasia
  • Genetic engeneering
  • Reproduction rights
  • Biometric passports
229
Q

Body politics: gender?

A
  • body ideal
  • Sexual violence
  • FGM - female genital mutilation
  • Rape
230
Q

Body politics: institutions?

A
  • coercion of bodies
  • Prison
  • School
  • Military drill
231
Q

Body politics: Racial?

A
  • slavery
  • Colonialism
  • Human 200s
  • Lynching
  • Miscegenation laws
  • Racial profiling
232
Q

Body politics: counter hegemonic?

A
  • feminism
  • Strikes
  • The black civil rights movement
  • Last generation (sit ins
233
Q

Michel Foucault on biopower

A

“… is literally having power over bodies; it is about numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugation of bodies and the control of populations…
Certain institutions (psychiatry education, law) “watch unruly bodies, dicipline them, and ultimately turn them into docile bodies”

234
Q

Embodiment as a concept in body studies

A

Bodies are contingent: moulded by factors outside the body

235
Q

What’s neoliberalism’s impact on our bodies and souls?

A
  • narcissism
  • Happiness duty
  • “We can do anything” = pressure
  • Mental health
  • Epidemics of depression
  • Anxiety
  • Eating disorders
  • Addictions
  • Burnout
236
Q

What are images?

A

Visual signs or representations

237
Q

What are kind of signs?

A
  • linguistic
  • Written
  • Visual
238
Q

Whats semiotics?

A

Semiotics (also known as semiology) is the science
of signs and symbols; of their processes of
development in culture and nature. Signs such as
words, gestures, and odours communicate
information of all kinds in time and space.

239
Q

What are 3 kinds of visual signs?

A

Symbol: Conventional representation of an object. A culturally agreed sign
that must be learned. No resemblance. (bsp Baum als zeichen von leben)
Index: Signs where there is a direct link. Shows evidence of the represented
or causality. F.e. Road signs (bsp: baum auf schild bedeutet Gefahr von Baumumfallen)
Icon: A sign that bears a strong (physical) resemblance to the things it
represents: a stylized silhouette, drawing, cartoon, maps. Not just
popular. (bsp: baum als bildchen)

240
Q

Images have 2 levels of meaning.

A
  1. Denotation (literal, descriptive)
  2. Connotation (implied, cultural, historical)
241
Q

Visual studies: terminology?

A
  • image
  • picture
  • Photo
  • visual sign
  • Visual text
  • Representation
242
Q

What was the most important visual representation of 2020?

A

The video of George Floyds death taken by 17 year old Darnella Frazier

243
Q

How to read an image?

A

You analyze and determine its…
- Content: what deeper, conceptual themes does the artwork/ visual text convey and how
- Form: medium, design or aethetics
-Goal: offer plausible explanations about the historical, political meaning
- of course, there can be different, competing, and contradictory interpretations of the same artwork or text

244
Q

Visual analysis check list

A
  1. provide basic info on publ. date, artist, medium, etc
  2. describe the image and the way it is put together (composition), name design elements such as
  3. analysze the meaning of the image (for the artist): denotation/ connotation, genre, intertextuality
  4. consider the (historical) context of the image
  5. evaluate the effectiveness o the image (audience)
245
Q

Whats digital humanities?

A

An academic field concerned with the application of computational tools and methods to tradidtionaö humanities disciplines such as literature, history and philosophy

246
Q

Whats digital economy?

A

The UN warned in 2017 of the threat of widening thedivide between the haves and the have-nots. There are massive challenges ahead, if we are to create a global digital economy to benefit everyone

247
Q

Whats digital distraction?

A

Information overload = lack of focus causes fragmented attention

248
Q

What’s digital disorder?

A

Circulation of misinformation, disinformation and fake news

249
Q

Whats digital disconnection?

A

Being unable or unwilling to engage with difference, resorting to one‘s
bubble causes stereotyping, back lash against globalization and
super diversity. Also disconnected from one‘s self and feelings.

250
Q

What was Web 1.0

A

1990 www started
1994 J. Bezos starts Amazon
1999 first blogging site

251
Q

What was Web 2.0

A

2004 Facebook
2005 Twitter
2005 Youtube
2007 Netflix

252
Q

What was Web 3.0

A

2010 Instagram
2010 Semantic web: algorithm, data banks, speech (siri), wearables
2020 NFT

253
Q

What was Web 4.0

A

The smart web: AI assistance, smart home, clothes

254
Q

Tim Berners-Lee

A

1989: submits proposal on „Information Management“. It was rejected.
1990: Lee‘s team invents „WorldWideWeb“ and later offers seminars on WWW
2018: Laments that „The web failed instead of served humanity“ BErners-Lee

255
Q

What did Orson Welles do on set of „Citizen Kane“?

A
  • director
  • Producer
  • Actor
  • Co-screenwriter
256
Q

Who was the other screenwriter of „Citizen Kane“?

A

Herman J. Mankiewicz

257
Q

What are the main themes of „Citizen Kane“?

A
  • Old age, power, loneliness
  • The media
  • The American dream or materialism
  • Psychology of wealth and narcissism
258
Q

Whats citizen Kane about, according to orson Welles?

A

… the life of the magnate William Randolf Hearst. More generally, it is a “story about a tragic hero… I wished to make a picture which might be called a ‘failure Story’. … The protagonist of my “Failure story” must retreat from a democracy which his money fails to buy and his power fails to control.”

259
Q

Different types of shots

A
  • extreme Close up (mund)
  • close up (face)
  • Medium shot (mit SChulter)
  • American: 3/4 of a person
  • Full shot (ganzer Körper)
  • Long shot (weiter weg)
  • extreme long shot ( ganz weit weg)
260
Q

What’s deep focus cinematography?

A

… a kind of camera angle that allwos the cinematographer to keep everything in perspective wthout favoring foreground, mid-ground or background

261
Q

What are the 3 narrative levels of citizen Kane?

A

Level 1: Kane’s search for happiness and greatness - tragic ending
Level 2: Thompson‘s search for rosebud through the accounts of 5
characters
Level 3: Spectators‘ search for meaning

262
Q

Whats visual ambiguity?

A

Allows for 2 or more simultaneous interpretations of a word, phrase or
situation and can contribute to the richness of a work

263
Q

What’s cinematography?

A

The way in which the camera is used to communicate meaning. It
includes shots (Framing), camera angles and movements and mis-enscene at the set.

264
Q

What counts to mis-en-scene?

A
  • colour, props, decoration
  • Actors
  • Special effects
  • Make up and hairstyle
  • Lighting
  • Costume
  • Location and set
265
Q

Whats that?
Shoots up at subject. Used to increase size, power and status of subject

A

Low angle camera

266
Q

Whats that? High angle camera

A

It shoots down at subject to show its vulnerability and powerlessness

267
Q

Whats an aerial shot?

A

Birds eye view

268
Q

Whats straight on angle?

A

Camera is about the same height as the object (default angle)

269
Q

Whats that - position?

A

Over the shoulder

270
Q

Whats an example for a crane shot in citizen Kane?

A

Fence scene („no trespassing“)

271
Q

what is zoom used for?

A

Used to direct attention to a particular detail

272
Q

Whats push in or pull back?

A

Moves towards or away from a stationary object

273
Q

Whats a tracking or pulling shot?

A

Follows (Tracks) or precedes (pulls) an object which is in motion itself

274
Q

Whats an example for a tracking/pulling shot in Citizen Kane?

A

Signing the contract scene

275
Q

Whats a pan?

A

Tilting around its vertical or horizontal axis

276
Q

Whats a frame?

A

Showing a single picture

277
Q

Whats a shot?

A

Sequence of frames filmed in a continuous take of camera

reverse shot: 2 or more shots edited together that alternate characters, typically in a
conversation
shot reverse shot: one character is shown looking at another character (often off-screen),
and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character

278
Q

Whats a scene?

A

Sequence of shots

279
Q

Cuts

A

Direct cut: no trasition
junp cut: leaving a gap in the continous shot
Shock cut: Graphic dicontinutiy, unexpected visuals and noise
cross-cutting: Cutting away from action occurring at the same time and usually in the
same place

280
Q

Transitions/ camera movement

A

Fade out/ in: End of a shot fading out to empty screen, pause, then a fade introduces
new shot
Dissolve: Fading out the current shot and at the same time fading in the new shot
Swish pan: Brief, fast pan from object A in the current shot to object B in the next (or
match shot)
wipe: Smoothly continuous left-right or up-down replacement of the current
shot to the next

281
Q

(non) Diegetic sound

A

diagetic: Dialogue and noises in the story, ambient sound
non diegetic: Score

282
Q

Whats the homodiegetic narrative?

A

Story is told by a narrator who is present as a character in the story

283
Q

Whats the heterodiegetic narrative?

A

Story is told by a narrator who is not present as a character in the story

284
Q

Whats focalization?

A

The ways and means of presenting information from somebody’s POV

285
Q

Whats the focaliser?

A

The position from which something is seen

286
Q

What is the focalised?

A

The center of attention

287
Q

When does the story of citizen Kane starts?

A

1871

288
Q

Whats the storyline of citizen Kane?

A
  • childhood
  • At the newspaper (25 yrs)
  • First marriage
  • Desolution of marriage
  • Meets susan
  • Trip to europe
  • Governor
  • 2nd marriage
  • Opera
  • Separation
  • Death
289
Q

Who are the 5 narrators of citizen Kane?

A
  1. thatcher (childhood)
  2. Bernstein (the inquirer)
  3. Leland (marriage to Elizabeth)
  4. Susan Alexander Kane (opera)
  5. Raymond (fight with Susan)
290
Q

When was classical Hollywood cinema?

A

30s-50s

291
Q

What are important works of classical Hollywood cinema?

A
  • gone with the wind (1939, Victor Fleming)
  • Rebecca (1940, Hitchcock)
  • Casablanca (1942, Michael Curtiz
292
Q

What are 4 main features of classical Hollywood cinema
style according to David Bordwell?

A
  1. Happy End
  2. Denotative clarity
  3. Linear action
  4. Identification with the hero
293
Q

When did humanism emerge?

A

During the renaissance (1350-1700)

294
Q

What did humanists reject and why?

A

They rejected medieval authorianism and religious superstition in favour
of science

295
Q

Humanism: What did the study of “god” replace?

A

The study of “man”

296
Q

How did the enlightment differ from the renaissance?

A
  • autonomy
  • Reason
  • Progress
  • Ideal of political liberty
297
Q

When was the enlightment?

A

17th-18th century

298
Q

What’s industrial livestock farming?

A

Intensive Tierhaltung (Massentierhaltung)

299
Q

What’s the enlightenment?

A

Aufklärung

300
Q

What’s the Anthropocene?

A

period of time during which human activities have impacted the
environment enough to constitute a distinct geological change.

301
Q

Environmentalism?

A

Umweltschutz

302
Q

When did Posthumanism begin and what does it question, decenter, reject, critize?

A

In the 80s, peaking today,
question: the humanist ideal of “man” as universal
decenter: The human’s assumed superiority over non-humans (people, animals,
nature, etc.)
reject: The assumend superiority of “man” which correlates with an Eurocentric- and masculinise bias
critize: Criticises species hierarchy and masculinist, classism racist and
Eurocentric notions of humans (Bradotti)

303
Q
  1. Defies binary thinking and deconstructs the clear division between
    nature/___, life/____, organic/____, human/____ and suggests that
    human beings “have always been Posthuman
  2. Conceives human diversity without pejorative Norming of f.e. “____”
A
  1. Culture, death, synthetic, inhumane
  2. Dis/ability
304
Q

Posthumanism and the environment:
A) notices the limits of liberty or freedom to exploit ______
B) explores the connections between the human and the non-human
world: ____, ____, ____, ____
C) questions how humans treat other living creatures (______)
D) acknowledges that humans might have _______
E) overlaps with _____ and _____
F) differs from _____

A

A) natural resources
B) machines, animals, plants, robots
C) industrial livestock farming
D) non-human parts
E) post-anthropocentrism and environmental humanities
F) transhumanism

305
Q

What’s Anthropocene?

A

Geological time (since the 70s) when humans are having a lasting and
negative effect upon the planet
It criticises species hierarchy

306
Q

What’s environmental humanities?

A

Study of works of literature that demonstrate the way human life is
interwoven with the natural environment and how human activity
changes the natural world. This interdisciplinary field brings together
the human, social and natural sciences.

307
Q

What’s transhumanism?

A

Refers to the human-enhancement project that often serves corporate
interests

308
Q

Who’s Rosi Bradotti?

A
  • philosophy professor
  • director of the Centre for Humanities at Utrecht University
  • trained at the Sorbonne
  • taught in australia
  • author of Posthuman Feminism (2021) and Posthuman Knowledge (2019)
  • in this lecture, she gives an overview of the scholarship on posthumanism: 3 generations (1980s-2020s) and institutions
309
Q

What are scholarly approaches to culture?

A
  • cultural anthropology
  • Cultural sociology
  • Cultural geography
  • Cultural philosophy
  • Cultural politics
  • Cultural linguistics
  • Cultural communication
310
Q

What is cultural studies?

A

an interdisicplunary field

311
Q

What’s synchronic?

A

The sum of human production and art works, often defined by binary
oppositions: culture vs. Nature (F.e.

312
Q

What’s diachronic?

A

Cultures transform over time, also the binary definitions:
Civilisation /barbarism: 18th century
High low: 20th century

313
Q

What’s culture? (Matthew Arnold)

A

“Culture is, or ought to be, the study and pursuit of perfection … by means of gettung to know, … the best which has been thought and said in the world” … Culture is the source of all “sweetness and light”.

314
Q

What are 5 basic elements of the socio cultural approach?

A
  1. Art
  2. Norms
  3. Values
  4. Language
  5. Traditions
315
Q

What’s the socio cultural definition of culture?

A

a national, geographical, ethnic or political entity or group with particular practices, rituals, customs, expressions, artifacts, symbols, normas, beliefs, and values

316
Q

Who was Matthew Arnold?

A

English poet and cultural critic
1822-1888

317
Q

What’s agency?

A

idea that people make their own decisions and are responsible for their
own actions

318
Q

When started Ecocriticism, what does it pay attention to, what is it interested in?

A

1970s
attention: The (literary) representation of the natural world, the “wilderness”; the
countryside
interest: (Un)sustainable uses of energy and resources as discussed in
relevant “factual” and fictional writing

Caring about environmental issues can be seen as feminine

319
Q

What is related?
What kind of proof?
Ecofeminism

A

Climate change and social justice are related
And proof for masculine dominance in society

320
Q

What is connected? (Ecofeminism)
Why?

A

Oppressions of women and nature
* women play an important role in agricultural production
(especially in developing countries)
* Women are most vulnerable to drought, floods, stormy
* Environmental destruction is more likely to have a detrimental
impact on women

321
Q

Ecofeminism:
______ places value on productivity forcing natural regeneration cycles
into liberal flows of raw materials and goods
Capitalist patriarchy is maintained through _______ as it puts humans
over nature

A

Patriarchal capitalism
Hierarchical thinking

322
Q

What’s the socio-cultural environment?

A

All the surroundings that affect the growth and development of an
individual, society, or any institution

323
Q

What’s the socio-cultural environment made up of?

A
  • social institutions
  • Class structures
  • Beliefs
  • Values
  • Accepted patterns of behaviour
  • Customs and their expectations
324
Q

What are 5 sustainable development goals?

A
  1. No poverty
  2. Zero hunger
  3. Good health
  4. Quality education
  5. Gender equality
325
Q

What are 4 aspects of climate justice?

A
  1. Politics
  2. Economics (global)
  3. Social (ethnic)
  4. Cultural (intersectional)
326
Q

Name 5 main features of cultural studies

A
  1. Methodology: interdisciplinary and intersectional
  2. Focus: representation, discourse, ideology
  3. Focus on inequalities: gender, race, class, ability, environmental
  4. Political goal: to bring about social transformations
  5. Critique of neoliberalism/capitalism

cultural studies (1 decks)

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