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cultural studies 1-12 Flashcards

1
Q

CULTURE

A

not monolithic, but dynamic
tensions
multilevel and multidirectional

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2
Q

WILLIAMS

A

culture as lived culture
shared meanings of a community
ordinary life
working-class (culture is political)

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3
Q

Culturalism

A

anthropological and historical approach to culture (democracy, ordinariness and socialism)

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4
Q

Democratic edge

A

approach allowed by culturalism and shared by cultural studies
culture as affordable

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5
Q

CULTURAL MATERIALISM

A

Culture understood through practices and representations of daily life in the context of the material conditions of their production

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6
Q

Terms by which exploring culture (Williams)

A

Intistutions (non-academia)
formation (impressionism)
modes of production (bourgeois)
identifications (by art)
reproduction (France, 19th century)
Organization (exhibitions for new emergences)

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7
Q

ARNOLD

A

High culture and low culture (humanistic approach)

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8
Q

Leavisism

A

culture is the method through which we discern high and low culture

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9
Q

MARX

A

historical materialism – reproduction of culture by the historical material conditions (capitalism)
–> structure and superstructure

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10
Q

Culture is political

A

Marx – culture is the product of the relations of power, it is formed in ideology

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11
Q

Criticism of cultural studies

A

cultural studies criticises MArxist view because it falls out of economic reductionism
–> there is much more (tensed logics of language, representation and consumption)

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12
Q

STRUCTURALISM

A

social formation as constituted by complex regularities and structures, concerned with how cultural meaning is produced.
culture=language

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13
Q

ALTHUSSER

A

social formation as the overdetermination among different instances of a society (econ, politics, ideology)
–> not a totality expressing by culture, econ level only in the last instance (Althusser & HALL)

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14
Q

Althusser and ideology

A

primary instance of social formation:
-fucntion of constituting objects
- lived experience
- ideology not a misrecognition of real conditions of existence
- reproduction of social formation and power

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15
Q

Criticism of Althusser’s ideology

A

too functionalis, lack of agency
economic reductionism
epistemological problem

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16
Q

GRAMSCI <3

A

culture is different streams o meanings, ascendant
popular agency involves build-up forces in civil society for passive revolution

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17
Q

Gramsci and Hegemony

A

process of making, maintaining and reproducing sets of meanings, contributing to the consolidation of social groups
emodied in the historical bloc of ruling class (power)
unstable, dynamic (not Marx)

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18
Q

Gramsci and Ideology

A

ideology as lived experience
material phenomenon incising in every-day conditions
social cement
fragmented in the common sense, not only a solid bloc of thought

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19
Q

Gramsci and Common sense

A

medium to organize our lives
site of ideological conflict

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20
Q

Globalization

A

modernity and timespace contraction
interconnectiveness – cultural juxtaposing
cultural change
not only one-way from West to the Rest
fear of homogenization –> fragmentation (glocalization)

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21
Q

Fordism

A

econ. revolution reflected in culture
standardization of production central for mass consumption –> adversitisng and promotion

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22
Q

Post-fordism

A

1970s overproduction, oil crisis
small batch customization

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23
Q

Language

A

medium in which cultural menaings are formed and communicated through which we form our knowledge about ourseleves and the world
- values
meanings
knowledge

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24
Q

DE SAUSSURE

A

semotician and structuralist
study of culture through language

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25
Semiotics
study of signs
26
Structuralism in langauge
body of thought concerned with structures of signs that allow linguistic performances to be possible
27
Langue and Parole
langue: abstract sign system and rules of language Parole: individual speech acts and the everyday usage of language by real speakers
28
SIGNIFIER; SIGNIFIED = SIGN
Signifier: phonic image of the sign Signified: idea we associate with the signifier SIGN: reference to an object in reality -- cultrual code determines the relation between signifier and signified --> becomes naturalized thoug cultural habituation
29
BARTHES and Structuralism in language#2
cultural myths interesetd in popular culture
30
DENOTATION; CONNOTATION = MYTHS
Denotation: descriptive, literal meaning Connotation: connecting signfiiers to culturl ideas creating a second-level meaning MYTHS: naturalized is a myth - polysemic -not guaranteed , contastation
31
POST-STRUCTURALISM
critique of structuralism : - no fixed meanings - no denotative meaning is fixed IT IS ABOUT INTERPRETATION --> significance through différence (Derrida) encoding and decoding
32
FOUCAULT
knowledge made of regulation of statements historical condition discourse power knowledge
33
DISCOURSE
production of knowledge through language which gives bounded meanings to the material objects and social practices. constructs, defines and produces the objects of knowledge while excluding other forms of reasoning
34
knowledge
learning how to contend with the world in pusuit of those purposes
35
Subjects
constructed bydisciplinary discourses (studied historically): - sciences: subject=object of inquiry - tech of the self: individuals turn into subjects - dividing practices: dichotomies (sane-insane)
36
Question of agency
Question of ethics, agency is allowed by an ethics discourse
37
2 pahese of power
DISCIPLINARY POWER: centred on the human body, take control over them, rationalize respect of the rules for fear of the consequences --> Panopticon BIOPOWER: power over life and population, to enhance our lives --> pacemakers, health, family policies
38
Power
distributed throughout social relations PRODUCTIVE of knowledge truth
39
Archaeology
analysis of historical conditions through which we define knowledge
40
Genealogy
analysis of the historical evolutions of discourse, power
41
semiotic excess
a lot of meanings are being produced so that any dominance cannot emerge
42
News
selecte and constructed representation of reality
43
Manipulative model
class-dominated society madia are controlled and manipulated audience will question
44
Pulralist model
varies ideological viewpoints and interpretations audience tastes will determine dominance
45
Hegemonic model
many strands of meaning but dominated by dominant ideology indirect manipulation
46
Econding-decoding
articulation of meanings on different levels consumption of meanings
47
Active Audience paradigm
audience in not passive it can construct opposite meaning
48
causes of explosion of the pop. culture
- decolonization - mass communication - high demographics - popular culture (music and fashion)
49
YOUTH
changing social and cultural construct appearing during capitalization period moratorium between childhhod and adult age - unitary - formative stage - conflictual
50
SUBCULTURE
part of the counter-culture against the dominant, but born by it group of people sharing the same values and maps of meanings mobile acts of representation (trhough style)
51
resistance through rituals (HALL)
renegotiation with dominant culture bricolaging homologies double articulation of youth
52
homologies
set of constitutive relationships between objects and institutions of a certain lived culture (safety pins, punk)
53
bricologe
juxtaposition of objects and meanings to create a counter-meaning
54
Crticisms to subcultures
postmodernists see them as artificial, only dictated by media
55
SUBJECTIVITY
condition of being a person, and pprocess through which we constitute as subjects
56
IDENTITY
discoursive description of us SELF-ID: how we see ourseleves and how we emotionally perceive our descriptions SOCIAL-ID: forming our identity through mirroring with thers and influenced by how other see us (acculturation)
57
Essentialism
view that perceives a particular entity as inherently possessing a set of attributes that are fixed and determing (race, femininity)
58
Anti-Essentialims, Sex & Gender
no entity is fixed and constructed, no universal attributes, but given by the context. Sex: biological attributes Gender: constructed by culture
59
HALL and the SUBJECT ENLIGHTENMENT SUBJ.
fully centred, unified individual cartesian dualism : body and mind (je pense donc je suis)
60
HALL and the SUBJECT SOCIOLOGICAL SUBJ.
formed through interaction with others, always unified and one
61
HALL and the SUBJECT POST-MODERN SUBJ.
fragmented and shifting, multiple and contradictory identities
62
5 major shifts leading to the decentred subject
- marxism and historical materialism - psychoanalysis and Freud -Feminism and QUEER THEORY - Language - FOUCAULT with DOCILE BODIES as discoursively produced by disciplinary tech.
63
DOCILE BODIES
subjected, tranformed and improved through disciplinary tech and tech of the self. it is the roduct of hisory and power
64
FEMINISM
sex is a fundamental axis of social organization which has subordinated women to men
65
1st wave of feminism
19th - 20th century right to vote - suffragettes equal rights but binary division
66
2nd wave of feminism
60s - 70s cultural and political gender role - politicized existentialism with De Beauvoir - no essence before existence
67
3rd wave of feminism
90s gender and sex centred universal claims against 2nd wave "white" feminsim
68
Race and RACIALISATION
race is the alleged biological and physical characteristics used to rank racialized groups of hierarchy adn subordinate them social construction and not a universal biological category symbolized through power structures essentialist view
69
IMAGINED COMMUNITY - ANDERSON
all communities larger than a village is immagined NATION - limited: there are finite and elastic boundaries - sovereign: Enlightenment and Revolution destroyed legitimacy of divine in politics - community deep horizontal comradeship
70
2 pahese of power
DISCIPLINARY POWER: centred on the human body, take control over them, rationalize respect of the rules for fear of the consequences --> Panopticon BIOPOWER: power over life and population, to enhance our lives --> pacemakers, health, family policies
71
DIGITAL DIVIDE
inequalities in the digital era mental, skill, usage access issues for someone
72
Digital dualism
Internet and digital world could be either utopian or dystopian
73
finlter bubbles
alters the way we encounter information online is a unique universe built on our preferences (cookies)
74
Information overload
our world is saturated by media, and our abilities to analyse it is rising (big data)
75
CONVERGENCE CULTURE
tech, industry and media convergences flow of content across multiple media platforms, cooperation between industries
76
CYBERSPACE
spatial metaphor to indicate the place in which electronic devices and digital communications occur
77
CYBERDEMOCRACY
idea that the digital media could contribute to democratic processes, and to be spaces for democratic participation.
78
corporate colonization of the cyperspace
digiatl capitalism, internet dominated by commercial interests example of meta
79
INFORMATION SOCIETY
society in which info is the main commodity of the post-industrial economy customized production
80
SPACE
social construct dynamic multiple
81
sociospatiality
essential component of social organization rather than an empty area
82
Space VS. Place
Space: absence-presence dichotomy Place: human experience, memory and identity
83
Privatization of public space
inability to fund public space maintainance fear for crimes leisure industries
84
Global city theory
analyse the restructuring of urban space dominated by realtively small number of urban centres controll and command for dispersed set of economic activities - global capital - trade and finance - telecommunication
85
Post-Modern city
summative depiction of major changes in the last quarter of the century tking place in the cities - fordist to post fordist production - globalization - decentralization (patchwork) - social fragmentation --> polarization and segregation - carceral cities - hyperreality (surveillance)

cultural studies (1 decks)

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