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cultural studies > cultural studies 1-12 > Flashcards

cultural studies 1-12 Flashcards

1
Q

CULTURE

A

not monolithic, but dynamic
tensions
multilevel and multidirectional

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2
Q

WILLIAMS

A

culture as lived culture
shared meanings of a community
ordinary life
working-class (culture is political)

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3
Q

Culturalism

A

anthropological and historical approach to culture (democracy, ordinariness and socialism)

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4
Q

Democratic edge

A

approach allowed by culturalism and shared by cultural studies
culture as affordable

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5
Q

CULTURAL MATERIALISM

A

Culture understood through practices and representations of daily life in the context of the material conditions of their production

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6
Q

Terms by which exploring culture (Williams)

A

Intistutions (non-academia)
formation (impressionism)
modes of production (bourgeois)
identifications (by art)
reproduction (France, 19th century)
Organization (exhibitions for new emergences)

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7
Q

ARNOLD

A

High culture and low culture (humanistic approach)

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8
Q

Leavisism

A

culture is the method through which we discern high and low culture

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9
Q

MARX

A

historical materialism – reproduction of culture by the historical material conditions (capitalism)
–> structure and superstructure

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10
Q

Culture is political

A

Marx – culture is the product of the relations of power, it is formed in ideology

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11
Q

Criticism of cultural studies

A

cultural studies criticises MArxist view because it falls out of economic reductionism
–> there is much more (tensed logics of language, representation and consumption)

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12
Q

STRUCTURALISM

A

social formation as constituted by complex regularities and structures, concerned with how cultural meaning is produced.
culture=language

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13
Q

ALTHUSSER

A

social formation as the overdetermination among different instances of a society (econ, politics, ideology)
–> not a totality expressing by culture, econ level only in the last instance (Althusser & HALL)

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14
Q

Althusser and ideology

A

primary instance of social formation:
-fucntion of constituting objects
- lived experience
- ideology not a misrecognition of real conditions of existence
- reproduction of social formation and power

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15
Q

Criticism of Althusser’s ideology

A

too functionalis, lack of agency
economic reductionism
epistemological problem

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16
Q

GRAMSCI <3

A

culture is different streams o meanings, ascendant
popular agency involves build-up forces in civil society for passive revolution

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17
Q

Gramsci and Hegemony

A

process of making, maintaining and reproducing sets of meanings, contributing to the consolidation of social groups
emodied in the historical bloc of ruling class (power)
unstable, dynamic (not Marx)

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18
Q

Gramsci and Ideology

A

ideology as lived experience
material phenomenon incising in every-day conditions
social cement
fragmented in the common sense, not only a solid bloc of thought

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19
Q

Gramsci and Common sense

A

medium to organize our lives
site of ideological conflict

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20
Q

Globalization

A

modernity and timespace contraction
interconnectiveness – cultural juxtaposing
cultural change
not only one-way from West to the Rest
fear of homogenization –> fragmentation (glocalization)

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21
Q

Fordism

A

econ. revolution reflected in culture
standardization of production central for mass consumption –> adversitisng and promotion

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22
Q

Post-fordism

A

1970s overproduction, oil crisis
small batch customization

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23
Q

Language

A

medium in which cultural menaings are formed and communicated through which we form our knowledge about ourseleves and the world
- values
meanings
knowledge

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24
Q

DE SAUSSURE

A

semotician and structuralist
study of culture through language

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25
Q

Semiotics

A

study of signs

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26
Q

Structuralism in langauge

A

body of thought concerned with structures of signs that allow linguistic performances to be possible

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27
Q

Langue and Parole

A

langue: abstract sign system and rules of language
Parole: individual speech acts and the everyday usage of language by real speakers

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28
Q

SIGNIFIER; SIGNIFIED = SIGN

A

Signifier: phonic image of the sign
Signified: idea we associate with the signifier
SIGN: reference to an object in reality – cultrual code determines the relation between signifier and signified
–> becomes naturalized thoug cultural habituation

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29
Q

BARTHES and Structuralism in language#2

A

cultural myths
interesetd in popular culture

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30
Q

DENOTATION; CONNOTATION = MYTHS

A

Denotation: descriptive, literal meaning
Connotation: connecting signfiiers to culturl ideas creating a second-level meaning
MYTHS: naturalized is a myth
- polysemic
-not guaranteed , contastation

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31
Q

POST-STRUCTURALISM

A

critique of structuralism :
- no fixed meanings
- no denotative meaning is fixed
IT IS ABOUT INTERPRETATION –> significance through différence (Derrida)
encoding and decoding

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32
Q

FOUCAULT

A

knowledge made of regulation of statements
historical condition
discourse
power
knowledge

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33
Q

DISCOURSE

A

production of knowledge through language which gives bounded meanings to the material objects and social practices.
constructs, defines and produces the objects of knowledge while excluding other forms of reasoning

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34
Q

knowledge

A

learning how to contend with the world in pusuit of those purposes

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35
Q

Subjects

A

constructed bydisciplinary discourses (studied historically):
- sciences: subject=object of inquiry
- tech of the self: individuals turn into subjects
- dividing practices: dichotomies (sane-insane)

36
Q

Question of agency

A

Question of ethics, agency is allowed by an ethics discourse

37
Q

2 pahese of power

A

DISCIPLINARY POWER: centred on the human body, take control over them, rationalize
respect of the rules for fear of the consequences
–> Panopticon
BIOPOWER: power over life and population, to enhance our lives
–> pacemakers, health, family policies

38
Q

Power

A

distributed throughout social relations
PRODUCTIVE of knowledge
truth

39
Q

Archaeology

A

analysis of historical conditions through which we define knowledge

40
Q

Genealogy

A

analysis of the historical evolutions of discourse, power

41
Q

semiotic excess

A

a lot of meanings are being produced so that any dominance cannot emerge

42
Q

News

A

selecte and constructed representation of reality

43
Q

Manipulative model

A

class-dominated society
madia are controlled and manipulated
audience will question

44
Q

Pulralist model

A

varies ideological viewpoints and interpretations
audience tastes will determine dominance

45
Q

Hegemonic model

A

many strands of meaning but dominated by dominant ideology
indirect manipulation

46
Q

Econding-decoding

A

articulation of meanings on different levels
consumption of meanings

47
Q

Active Audience paradigm

A

audience in not passive
it can construct opposite meaning

48
Q

causes of explosion of the pop. culture

A
  • decolonization
  • mass communication
  • high demographics
  • popular culture (music and fashion)
49
Q

YOUTH

A

changing social and cultural construct appearing during capitalization period
moratorium between childhhod and adult age
- unitary
- formative stage
- conflictual

50
Q

SUBCULTURE

A

part of the counter-culture
against the dominant, but born by it
group of people sharing the same values and maps of meanings
mobile
acts of representation (trhough style)

51
Q

resistance through rituals (HALL)

A

renegotiation with dominant culture
bricolaging homologies
double articulation of youth

52
Q

homologies

A

set of constitutive relationships between objects and institutions of a certain lived culture
(safety pins, punk)

53
Q

bricologe

A

juxtaposition of objects and meanings to create a counter-meaning

54
Q

Crticisms to subcultures

A

postmodernists see them as artificial, only dictated by media

55
Q

SUBJECTIVITY

A

condition of being a person, and pprocess through which we constitute as subjects

56
Q

IDENTITY

A

discoursive description of us
SELF-ID: how we see ourseleves and how we emotionally perceive our descriptions
SOCIAL-ID: forming our identity through mirroring with thers and influenced by how other see us (acculturation)

57
Q

Essentialism

A

view that perceives a particular entity as inherently possessing a set of attributes that are fixed and determing (race, femininity)

58
Q

Anti-Essentialims, Sex & Gender

A

no entity is fixed and constructed, no universal attributes, but given by the context.
Sex: biological attributes
Gender: constructed by culture

59
Q

HALL and the SUBJECT
ENLIGHTENMENT SUBJ.

A

fully centred, unified individual
cartesian dualism : body and mind (je pense donc je suis)

60
Q

HALL and the SUBJECT
SOCIOLOGICAL SUBJ.

A

formed through interaction with others,
always unified and one

61
Q

HALL and the SUBJECT
POST-MODERN SUBJ.

A

fragmented and shifting, multiple and contradictory identities

62
Q

5 major shifts leading to the decentred subject

A
  • marxism and historical materialism
  • psychoanalysis and Freud
    -Feminism and QUEER THEORY
  • Language
  • FOUCAULT with DOCILE BODIES as discoursively produced by disciplinary tech.
63
Q

DOCILE BODIES

A

subjected, tranformed and improved through disciplinary tech and tech of the self.
it is the roduct of hisory and power

64
Q

FEMINISM

A

sex is a fundamental axis of social organization which has subordinated women to men

65
Q

1st wave of feminism

A

19th - 20th century
right to vote - suffragettes
equal rights
but binary division

66
Q

2nd wave of feminism

A

60s - 70s
cultural and political gender role - politicized
existentialism with De Beauvoir - no essence before existence

67
Q

3rd wave of feminism

A

90s
gender and sex centred universal claims
against 2nd wave “white” feminsim

68
Q

Race and RACIALISATION

A

race is the alleged biological and physical characteristics used to rank racialized groups of hierarchy adn subordinate them
social construction and not a universal biological category
symbolized through power structures
essentialist view

69
Q

IMAGINED COMMUNITY - ANDERSON

A

all communities larger than a village is immagined
NATION
- limited: there are finite and elastic boundaries
- sovereign: Enlightenment and Revolution destroyed legitimacy of divine in politics
- community deep horizontal comradeship

70
Q

2 pahese of power

A

DISCIPLINARY POWER: centred on the human body, take control over them, rationalize
respect of the rules for fear of the consequences
–> Panopticon
BIOPOWER: power over life and population, to enhance our lives
–> pacemakers, health, family policies

71
Q

DIGITAL DIVIDE

A

inequalities in the digital era
mental, skill, usage access issues for someone

72
Q

Digital dualism

A

Internet and digital world could be either utopian or dystopian

73
Q

finlter bubbles

A

alters the way we encounter information online
is a unique universe built on our preferences (cookies)

74
Q

Information overload

A

our world is saturated by media, and our abilities to analyse it is rising (big data)

75
Q

CONVERGENCE CULTURE

A

tech, industry and media convergences
flow of content across multiple media platforms, cooperation between industries

76
Q

CYBERSPACE

A

spatial metaphor to indicate the place in which electronic devices and digital communications occur

77
Q

CYBERDEMOCRACY

A

idea that the digital media could contribute to democratic processes, and to be spaces for democratic participation.

78
Q

corporate colonization of the cyperspace

A

digiatl capitalism, internet dominated by commercial interests
example of meta

79
Q

INFORMATION SOCIETY

A

society in which info is the main commodity of the post-industrial economy
customized production

80
Q

SPACE

A

social construct
dynamic
multiple

81
Q

sociospatiality

A

essential component of social organization rather than an empty area

82
Q

Space VS. Place

A

Space: absence-presence dichotomy
Place: human experience, memory and identity

83
Q

Privatization of public space

A

inability to fund public space maintainance
fear for crimes
leisure industries

84
Q

Global city theory

A

analyse the restructuring of urban space
dominated by realtively small number of urban centres
controll and command for dispersed set of economic activities
- global capital
- trade and finance
- telecommunication

85
Q

Post-Modern city

A

summative depiction of major changes in the last quarter of the century tking place in the cities
- fordist to post fordist production
- globalization
- decentralization (patchwork)
- social fragmentation –> polarization and segregation
- carceral cities
- hyperreality (surveillance)

cultural studies (1 decks)

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