Cultural Geography Final Exam Prep

Question 1

Seeds

Answer 1

After water and oxygen, seeds are about as crucial to human life as it goes.

Seeds provide hope for future harvests.

Question 2

Agriculture

Answer 2

The cultivation of domesticated crops and the raising of domesticated animals

Question 3

Swiddon Cultivation

Answer 3

Slash and burn cultivation

A type of agriculture characterized by land rotation in which temporary clearings are used for several years and then abandoned to be replaced by new clearings; also known as slash and burn agriculture.

Swiddon comes from an old english term meaning “burned clearing”

Question 4

Neoplantations

Answer 4

A large corporate run plantation

often displaces peasant farmers

Question 5

Domesticated Plant

Answer 5

A plant deliberately planted and tended to by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding

Question 6

Carl Sauer

Answer 6

Argued that domestication did not happen in response to hunger. Said first farmers were sedentary.

Question 7

** Green Revolution **

Answer 7

Recent introduction of high-yield hybrid crops and chemical fertilizers and pesticides into traditional Asian agricultural systems most notably paddy rice farming.

Increased production and ecological damage.

Results in artificially high yields.

Question 8

Von Thunen Model

Answer 8

a core-periphery model used to map food distribution

Question 9

** Agribusiness **

Answer 9

Highly mechanized, large scale farming, usually under corporate ownership.

Uses conventional growing methods vs organic methods.

Highly dependent on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Question 10

Monoculture

Answer 10

Raising of only one crop on a huge tract of land in agribusiness

Question 11

GM (Genetically Modified)

Answer 11

Genetically modified crops

Plants whose genetic characteristics have been altered through recombinant DNA technology.

Soybeans and corn are often genetically modified

Question 12

Sustainable Agriculture

Answer 12

The survival of a land-use system for centuries or millennia without distraction of the environmental base, allowing generation after generation to continue to live there.

Question 13

** Organic **

Answer 13

Organic Agriculture

A form of farming that relies on manuring, mulching, and biological pest control and rejects the use of synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and genetically modified crops.

Question 14

Biofuel

Answer 14

Any form of energy derived from biological matter, increasingly used in reference to replacements for fossil fuels in internal combustion engines, industrial processes, and the heating and cooling of buildings.

Question 15

Middle East Physical Features

Answer 15

World’s largest oil reserves - OPEC

only 1% of the world’s fresh water

Question 16

South Asia & Oceania

Answer 16

BRICS - Countries aligned to counter the power of the United States: Brazil, Russia, India, China, S. Africa

Yangzte - Longest river in Asia

Micronesia - Islands east of the Philippines

Melanesia - includes Fiji, Fiji is the least aid dependent & most developed

Polynesia - Islands east of New Zealand

Question 17

Primary Industry

Answer 17

An industry engaged in the extraction of natural resources such as agriculture, lumbering, mining.

Getting resources out of the ground.

Question 18

Secondary Industry

Answer 18

Industry engaged in processing raw materials into finished products - Manufacturing

Question 19

** Industrial Revolution **

Answer 19

Began in England in the 1700 with machines replacing human hands in the fashioning of finished products rendering the word “manufacturing” (meaning made by hand) technically obsolete.

Coal helped power this revolution.

England tried to hold a monopoly on it, but it got away, first to Germany.

Japan is the first non-western industrialized nation

Question 20

** Deindustrialization **

Answer 20

The decline of primary and secondary industry, accompanied by a rise in the service sectors of the industrial economy.

Companies try to find cheaper places to produce goods.

Question 21

TNC / MNC

Answer 21

Transnational Corporation / Multinational Corporation

Companies that have international production, marketing, and management facilities

Question 22

Postindustrial Phase

Answer 22

The phase of society characterized by the dominance of the service sector of economic activity.

Dominance of the services sectors.

Question 23

Outsource

Answer 23

The physical separation of some economic activities from the main production facility, usually for the purpose of employing cheaper labor

Moving production offshore to save costs

Question 24

** Resource Crisis **

Answer 24

The rapid depletion of natural resources resulting in serious environmental distraction.

Example: Global warming - the pronounced climatic warming of the earth that has occurred since about 1920 and particularly since the 1970s. Scientists with increasing consensus regard the burning of fossil fuels as a significant factor in global warming.

Question 25

ESI

Answer 25

Environmental Sustainability Index

A multiple criterion index of how well countries are doing in trying to achieve an ecological balance that might be sustained for centuries.

Question 26

Ecotourism

Answer 26

Responsible travel that does not harm ecosystems or the well-being of local people.

Question 27

Megacities

Answer 27

Term that refers to particularly large urban areas.

Cities of 10 million or more people.

Question 28

W. Christaller

Answer 28

Developed the central place theory, a way to model how cities organize themselves.

Question 29

** City Models **

Answer 29

Hydraulic Civilization - a civilization based on large scale irrigation.

Religious Factors - Civilization in which the priest class exercises control.

Political Factors - Civilization in which political leadership organizes labor forces.

Question 30

** Cosmomagical Cities / Axis Mundi **

Answer 30

Cosmomagical Cities - types of cities laid out in accordance with religious principles, characteristic of very early cities, particularly in china.

Trying to ensure harmony.

Cities as a microcosm of the universe.

Axis Mundi - Symbolic center of cosmomagical cities, often demarcated by a large vertical structure.

Question 31

** World / Global Cities **

Answer 31

Cities that are control centers of the global economy.

Financial centers such as New York, London, Tokyo

Question 32

Globalizing Cities

Answer 32

Cities being shaped by the new global economy and culture.

Often a large city in an emerging country.

Question 33

Barriadas

Answer 33

Illegal housing settlements, usually made up of temporary shelters, that surround large cities.

Often referred to as squatter settlements

Question 34

Apartheid

Answer 34

In South Africa, a policy of racial discrimination and segregation against non-european groups.

Characterized by the Population Registration Act and Group Areas Act.

Question 35

** Fast vs Slow Worlds **

Answer 35

Fast World - More developed, advanced, wealthy. The fast world is at the forefront of instantaneous global communication. Is also fully wired for the internet and adaptable to rapid shifts in global trends of investment, trade, production, and consumption.

Slow World - Undeveloped and poor. Slow world consists of hollowed out rural landscapes, declining abandoned manufacturing zones, and slums and shantytowns. Computers and internet access priced out of reach of most of the inhabitants.

Question 36

Glocalization

Answer 36

The interaction between global and local forces.

The process by which global forces of change interact with local cultures, altering both in the process.

Change comes from both ides.

Question 37

Internet

Answer 37

“Everywhere, yet nowhere in particular”

System of fiber optics, largely city bound

Question 38

Global Tourist

Answer 38

Is or soon will be the largest industry in the world, second only to oil as the most important source of revenue for the Third World.

Question 39

Carolyn Cartier
Peter Dicken
Johnson, Taylor & Watts

Answer 39

All described ways of looking at globalization

Cartier - Globalization is most closely associated with the transnational activities of large corporations

Dicken - globalization processes are linking far-flung places around the world in a complex integrated system for the production transport and marketing of many everyday commodities

Johnson, Taylor & Watts - under globalization, activities and outcomes do not really cross borders, these processes operate as if borders were not there.

Question 40

** Six Features of Globalization **

Answer 40

1. globalization involves global interactions among cultural, political, economic, environmental factors
2. globalization is characterized by relentless movement - a constant flow of money, people, information, ideas, goods, and services throughout the world
3. effects of globalization are felt unevenly in different places at different times
4. transnational corporations are the primary drivers of globalization
5. local and global-scale movements have formed to oppose globalization, hoping to limit or mitigate its effects.
6. globalization is qualitatively different.

Question 41

** Neolocalism **

Answer 41

Desire to reembrace the uniqueness and authenticity of place, in response to globalization.

Example: Backlash against walmart