Cultural Diversities and Disparities Flashcards
Health
The balance of the person, both within one’s being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical
Healing
The restoration of balance, both within ones being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical
5 steps to cultural competence
- Personal heritage (who are you) 2. Heritage of others- Demographics 3. Health and health beliefs and practices 4. Healthcare culture and system 5. Traditional healthcare systems
Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS)
A set of 15 standards created by the office of minority health in 1997 that most healthcare agencies must meet.
culturally competent
Within the delivered care, the provider understands and attends to the total context of the patient’s situation and this is a complex combination of knowledge, attitudes, and skills
culturally appropriate
The provider applies the underlying background knowledge that must be possessed to provide a patient with the best possible health
culturally sensitive
The provider possesses some basic knowledge and constructive attitude toward the health traditions observed among the diverse cultural groups found in the setting in which he or she is practicing.
What act declared that all recipients of federal funding must take reasonable steps to provide meaningful access to people with limited English proficiency (LEP)?
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
What is the official language of the US?
English
What % of US residents over the age of 5 speak English at home?
79.2%
What % of US residents over the age of 5 speak no English at all?
9%
How many US residents speak Spanish (over the age of 5)?
37.5 million
Of Spanish speaking residents over the age of 5 what % speaks no English at all?
62.9%
Heritage consistency
Degree to which a person’s lifestyle reflects his or her traditional heritage
Heritage Assessment Tool
The tool that has been developed to determine how deeply a given person identifies with a traditional heritage or is acculturated into the modern, dominant culture
Components of Heritage Consistency
- Socialization (extended family, where you grew up) 2. Culture (language, folkways) 3. Religion (Historic beliefs, and religious membership and participation) 4. Ethnicity (socializes with members of same ethnic group and participates in folkways)
Culture
Metacommunication system wherein not only the spoken words have meaning but everything else does as well
Characteristics of culture
- the medium of personhood and social relationships 2. A complex whole in which each part is related to another part 3. Learned by each person in a family and social community 4. Dependent on an underlying social matrix
Ethnocentrism
1) Belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group. 2) overriding concern with race
Xenophobia
a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers
Xenophobe
one unduly fearful of what is foreign and especially of people of foreign origin
How many ethnic groups of Native Americans are there?
106
How many federally recognized Native American tribes are there?
567
Religion
the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.
What does the US rank in weekly church attendance?
7th
What % of the US is Christian?
70.6%
What % of the US is Jewish
1.9%
What % of the US is Buddhist?
0.7%
What % of the US is Muslim?
0.9%
What % of the US is religiously unaffiliated?
22.8%
Acculturation
The process of adapting to and becoming absorbed into the dominant culture (The process is involuntary)
Socialization
The process of being raised in a culture and acquiring the characterizations of that group (often occurs through schooling)
How long does it take to fully acculturate?
3 generations
Assimilation
Becoming in all ways like the members of the dominant culture
Cultural Conflicts
events that occur when there is polarization between 2 groups and their differences are intensified by the way they are perceived
Silent Generation
people born between 1938 and 1945 who believe in community service and conforming to societies standards
The Boomer Generation
people born between 1946 and 1964 they like to work hard play hard and are often closer to friends than family
Gen X
people born between 1965 and 1980 who tend to only work hard if it doesn’t interfere with having a good time
Millennials
people born between 1977 and 1994 who are very dependent on technology
Gen Z
people born between 1995 and 2012 characterized by independence and an eagerness to jump into life. While proficient with tech they often prefer personal interaction.
6 variables that lead to cultural conflict
- Decade of birth 2. Generation 3. class and income 4. Language 5. Education 6. Literacy
women’s earnings are what % of men’s?
74-80%
Between 1980 and 2009 the percentage of students to complete high school went from _______ % to ________%
69% to 85.3%
How many American adults scored a below basic on an English literacy test?
11 million
Environmental Control
the ability of members of a particular cultural group to plan activities that control nature or direct environment factors
Personal Space
people’s behaviors and attitudes towards the space that surrounds themselves
Territoriality
the behavior and attitude and attitude people exhibit about an area they have claimed and defended or react emotionally to when others encroach on it
In 2010 POC represented what % of the population?
36.3% (This percentage is continually growing)
What is the median age of the population?
37.2 years old
People aged 16-64 make up what % of the population?
62.9%
People 65 and older make up what % of the population?
13% (This % is projected to grow as the baby boomers get older)
Naturalization
Process by which foreign born people aged 18+ can become US citizens
Refugees
Persons who seek residence in the US in order to avoid persecution in their country of origin
Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR)
any person not a citizen of the US who is residing in the US under legally recognized and lawfully recorded permanent residence as an immigrant
What are the 3 leading countries of origin for LPRs?
- Mexico (13.6%)
- China (6.9%)
- India (6.6%)
Where did the largest % of naturalized people come from?
Asia (39%)
Top 3 cities of residence for LPRs
- New York (16.9%)
- LA (8.1%)
- Miami (6.7%)
What are the top 3 states of residence for undocumented people?
- California
- Texas
- New York
Top 3 states of residency for LPRs
- California
- New York
- Florida
Physical Poverty
substandard housing, limited access to healthcare, poor nutrition, ext.
Mental Poverty
poor education, little opportunity, limited access to mental health services, ext.
Spiritual Poverty
despair, the experience of being disparaged and disenfranchised
What is the official poverty rate?
14.8% (14.8 million people in poverty)
What % of black people are impoverished?
26.2%
What % of Hispanics are impoverished?
23.6%
What % of white people are impoverished?
10.1%
What % of children under 18 are impoverished?
21.1%
How many federal programs provide aid to impoverished individuals?
more than 80
What is the largest government program used to fight poverty?
Medicaid followed by SNAP and Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
In 2014 what % of households were headed by women?
30.5%
The Health People Series
science based 10 year national objectives designed to improve the health of all people (created by the surgeon general)
Health Equity
attainment of the highest level of health for all people
Health Disparity
a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage
Physical Wellbeing
relates to vigor and vitality, feeling very healthy and full of energy
Mental Wellbeing
being satisfied with ones life, accepting ones self, and balancing positive and negative emotions
Social Wellbeing
providing and receiving quality support from friends, family, and others
What are the 3 domains of health belief?
- Perceived susceptibility
- Perceived seriousness
- Perceived benefits of taking action
4 Main Components of the Sick Role
- the sick person is exempted from the performance of certain normal social obligations
- They are exempted from certain responsibility for their own state (they’re not blamed for being sick)
- The legitimization of the sick role is only partial (You should attempt to recover as quickly as possible)
- Being sick except in the mildest of cases is being in need of help
4 Phases of Illness
- Onset- time when the first symptoms appear
- Diagnosis- the disease is identified and the persons sick role is now socially accepted
- Patient status- the person adjusts to the social aspects of being ill
- Recovery-relinquishing of sick role and assumption of pre-illness roles
5 Phases of Illness
- symptom experience
- assumption of sick role- asks friends and family for advice
- medical care contact stage- goes to health professionals for official diagnosis
- the dependent patient stage- person is under control of health care providers and is expected to comply with their demands
- The recover/rehabilitation phase
Primary Care
clinics and local doctors offices (condition is usually stable)
Secondary Care
surgery, specialty care, and mental health care (unstable status)
Tertiary Care
Extensive surgery, Radiation, or other high tech care (Patient is deteriorating)
Health Maintenance
Everyday ways people go about living and attempting to stay well or healthy and ordinarily function within their family, community, or society. (ex. wearing a jacket in the cold or eating a balanced diet)
Health Protection
protection of health rests on the ability to understand the cause of a certain illness or symptom and prevent it (getting vaccinated or wearing a red ribbon to protect from the evil eye)
Evil Eye
belief that someone can project harm by gazing or staring at another’s property or person (the oldest and most widespread superstition)
5 Common Beliefs Surrounding the Evil Eye
- the power emanates from the eye/mouth and strikes the victim
- The injury/ misfortune is sudden
- the person who cast the evil eye might not be aware
- the afflicted may or may not know the source
- The injury may be prevented or cured with rituals and symbols
German Term for Evil Eye
aberglobin or aberglaubisch
Polish Term for Evil Eye
szatan
Yiddish Term for Evil Eye
kayn aynhoreh
What expression is used by Jewish people after giving a compliment or statement of luck to prevent the evil eye?
kineahora
Dybbuk
wandering, disembodied soul that enters another person’s body and holds fast
3 Traditional Practices Used in the Protection of Health
- The use of protective objects
- The use of ingested substances, the removal of an item from a diet, or the hanging of substances around the body/house
- The practices of religion
Amulets
sacred objects worn on a string or chain around the neck, wrist, or waist to protect the wearer from evil spirits
Mano Milagroso
“miraculous hand” it is worn by many people of Mexican origin for luck and to ward off evil spirits
Mano Negro
placed on babies of Puerto Rican descent to ward off the evil eye (placed on wrist or pinned to diaper during early years of life)
Bangles
Silver bracelets that are open in order to let evil spirits out yet also closed to prevent evil from entering the body and tinkle when the wearer moves to scare away evil spirits (worn from infancy onwards by people from the west indies)
What will a bangle do when you are becoming ill?
tarnish and leave a black ring on your wrist
Tailsman
an object possessing extraordinary powers that may be worn on a rope around the waist or in a pocket or purse
Ginseng
used to preventively “build the blood” especially after childbirth. Tradition states that the more the root looks like a person the more effective it will be.
Spirituality
connotes the way we orient ourselves toward the divine, the way we make meaning out of our lives, the recognition of the presence of a spirit within us, a cultivation of a lifestyle consistent with this presence, and a perspective to foster purpose, meaning, and direction to life
Virgin of Guadalupe
The patron saint of Mexico who is believed to protect the person or home that is wearing her image from harm
Traditional Healthcare
Healthcare beliefs and practices that are observed among peoples who steadfastly maintain their heritage and observe healthcare practices derived from their ethnocultural or religious heritage
Natural folk medicine
(rational folk medicine) the use of the natural environment, herbs, plants, minerals, and animal substances to prevent and treat illness
Magico-religious folk medicine
(occult folk medicine) the use of charms, holy words, and holy actions to prevent and cure illness
Purple foxglove
contains the cardiotonic digitalis and is used to slow the heartrate
Feverfew
herb used to treat headaches
Allopathy (Dualistic)
A system of medicine that embraces all methods of empirical science. Scientific methodology is used to prove the value in the treatment of diseases.
Homeopathic (Holistic)
Sees health as a balance of the physical, mental, and spiritual whole. Homeopathic treatments are often referred to as complimentary or alternative medicine and include practices such as acupuncture and massage therapy.
Alternative/Integrative Therapies
therapies that are not a part of ones ethnocultural background and are not widely taught in US medical schools or available at hospitals (homeopathic) (ex. A white person using acupuncture)
Traditional/Ethnocultural Therapies
Therapies that are a part of ones ethnocultural background (homeopathic) (ex. A Chinese person using acupuncture)
Aromatherapy
an ancient science, presently popular, that uses essential plant oils to produce strong physical and emotional effects in the body
Biofeedback
the use of an electronic machine to measure skin temperatures; the patient controls responses that are usually involuntary
Hypnotherapy
the use of hypnosis to stimulate emotions and involuntary responses such as blood pressure
Macrobiotics
Diet and lifestyle from the Far East adapted for the United States by Michio Kushif. The principles of this vegetarian diet consist of balancing yin and yang energies of food.
Massage therapy
the use of manipulative techniques to relieve pain and return energy to the body
Reflexology
The natural science dealing with the reflex points in the hands and feet that correspond to every organ in the body. The goal is to clear the pathways and the flow of energy through the body.
Ayuvedic
4,000 year old method of healing which originated in India and is the most ancient existing medical system that uses diet, natural therapies, and herbs. Its chief aim is longevity and quality of life. It formed the foundation for Chinese medicine.
Cuanderismo
Traditional Mexican system of healthcare originating in Spain and derived from the traditional practices of indigenous Indian and Spanish Health practices
Qi Gong
Form of Chinese traditional medicine which combines movement, meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance the flow of qi (vital energy) to improve circulation and enhance the immune system
Reiki
A Japanese form of therapy which is based on the belief that when spiritual energy is channeled through a practitioner the patients spirit is healed which in turn heals the physical body
Santeria
A syncretic religion composed of both African and Catholic beliefs that is practiced among Puerto Rican and Dominican individuals
Voodoo
A religion that combines Christian and African Yoruba religious beliefs
Origin of Homeopathic medicine
Created between 1790 and 1810 by Samuel C. Hahnemann in Germany
Law of similars in homeopathy
A substance that is used to treat a certain set of symptoms is the same substance if given to a healthy person would cause the symptoms
Osteopathy
Uniquely American branch of medicine created by Dr. Still in 1847. DO’s in addition to using allopathic techniques to cure patients also perform manipulations of the bones, muscles, and joints as therapy
Chiropractic
Treatment consisting of manipulation to eradicate subluxations in order to resume normal transmission of “mental impulses” between the brain and the body organs (often focused on around the spine)
Christian Science
Turn to the bible and pages of science and health for answers to humanities deepest questions (they are free to implement any form of therapy they feel comfortable with)
NCCIH- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
Federal government agency in charge of scientific research on complementary and integrative health approaches
Complimentary Medicine
Term used to describe when a nonmainstream therapy is used in combination with a mainstream one (ex. taking a muscle relaxant and going to a chiropractor)
Alternative Medicine
When a nonmainstream practice is used in place of conventional medicine
Integrative health
The process of incorporating complementary approaches towards medicine into mainstream healthcare
What portion of Americans seek healthcare from a place outside of their doctors office?
1/3
What % of Americans use solely alternative medicine?
5%
What % of American adults have used a dietary supplement other than vitamins/minerals?
17.7%
How much money do Americans spend annually on complementary/ alternative medicine?
$33.9 billion out of pocket
3 theories why people seek alternative care
- Dissatisfaction with allopathic care
- Need for personal control
- Philosophical congruence - aligns with their religious/spiritual views
Telotherapy
Spiritual Healing
St. Odilia
Patron Saint of Blindness
St. Dymphna
Saint of Mental Illness
Callery Pear Tree
shrine found in the rubble of the world trade center
Tomb of Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Shrine located in Queens, New York where Jewish people gather to receive healing
Shrine of our lord of Esquipuals
Located in Chimayo, New Mexico eating the dirt from this shrine is believed to cure illness
Lourdes, France
Site where the Virgin Mary appeared to Bernadette Soubrious (there have been 67 accepted miracle cures here)
Shrine of Our Lady of Montserrat
Statue of Black Madonna in Barcelona, Spain
Fatima, Portugal
Place where Mary appeared to 3 Shepard children which is now a site for pilgrimages
What religious group uses the laying on of hands for healing?
Mormons
Spiritual Healing
The cause of the illness is sin and the cure is repentance
Inner healing
Cause is emotional or mental distress; arises from the conscious or subconscious mind. Focus on healing the person’s memory
Physical Healing
Healing a bodily illness, such as leprosy (often through some sort of prayer)
Deliverance or Exorcism
when the body or mind are victims from evil from the outside, exorcism is used
Herbalists
plant experts who use their knowledge of plants to heal
Limpia
cleansing
What are considered the most important days in a baby’s early life?
3rd, 7th, 8th, and 40th days
What happens on the 8th day of life for a male Muslim baby?
a lock of their hair is cut and then his forehead is sprinkled with sheep’s blood (the hair is then weighed and the weight of it was given to the poor)
When are Jewish boys circumcised?
on the 8th day of life
When are Christian children baptized?
on the 8th or 40th day of life
Adhan
words whispered into a babies right ear upon birth by Islamic fathers
In Haiti what color represents death?
White
How long is the Jewish mourning period?
7 days
How long after the burial do Muslim people hold the ceremony?
2 days
What is placed in the orifices of Chinese people to prevent the entrance of evil spirits?
Jade stones
Beliefs of Healthcare Workers
standardized dualistic definitions of health and illness, and the omnipotence of technology
Practices of Healthcare Workers
the maintenance and protection of health or prevention of disease through such mechanisms of avoidance of stress, the use of immunizations, and the high use of costly medications; and the annual physical examinations and diagnostic procedures such as pap smears
Habits of Healthcare Workers
charting, the constant use of medical jargon, the use of problem-solving methodology, dependence on electronic monitors
Dislikes of Healthcare Workers
tardiness, disorganization, and disorderliness
Customs of Healthcare Workers
professional deference and adherence to the pecking order found in autocratic and bureaucratic systems, handwashing and the ritual scrubbing procedures, and the use of certain procedures regarding death/birth
Expectations of Healthcare Workers
recovery no matter the cost or consequence of the the therapies expended
Why is healthcare so expensive?
- advances in medical science and associated tech/pharmaceuticals
- The advent of widespread health insurance
What is the annual price of healthcare in the US?
$2.919 trillion
What is the biggest business in the US?
Healthcare
When was the Affordable Care Act passed?
2010
What country has the highest infant mortality rate?
Afghanistan 115.05 per 1,000 births
What country has the lowest infant mortality rate?
Monaco 1.82 per 1,000 births
What is the infant mortality rate in the US?
5.98 per 1,000 births
What is the rank of the US for infant mortality rates?
174th
What year is the cutoff used to compare healthcare costs and events?
1960
3 ways medicine is used as a form of social control
- Determines how you should live your life (don’t smoke, eat a low salt-diet, ect.)
- Retains absolute control over certain technologies
- people use medical jargon to try and get laws passed (it would be good for the health of the economy)
Medical Care
the art and science of the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health
Native Americans make up what % of the US population?
1.2% or 5.4 million people
What is the median age of the Native American population?
31.4 years
What is the life expectancy for a Native American person?
73.7 years
How many states do Native Americans occupy?
26
Native American idea of health
total harmony with nature and having the ability to survive under exceedingly difficult circumstances
How do Native Americans divide the body?
they divide the body into 2 halves (one positive and one negative) and they believe that every being possesses 2 energy poles which can be spiritually influenced
Native American Idea of Identity
every being has a purpose and identity that he or she is able to control which is what kindles the spirit
Duklij
a turquoise or green malachite amulet that may be used among American Indians to ward off evil spirits and bring rain
Native American View of Illness
there is a reason for every sickness or pain; illness is the price to pay for either something that happened in the past or something that will happen in the future
Kusiut
a reference term for an American Indian medicine man; a “learned one”
How do the Hopi people diagnosis illness
their medicine man meditates often using the help of a crystal ball or jimsonweed to enter a trance and see whats wrong
What do Native Americans use to treat fever?
A plant that smells like lightning
What are the 3 types of divination practiced by the navajo people to diagnosis illness?
- Motion in the hand
- Stargazing
- Listening
How do the Navajo treat illness
singing (a specific set of chants)
Motion of the hand
Sand or pollen sprinkled around the sick person and the medicine man closes their eyes and begins to move their hand while a song is played. They then begin to think of different illness and when their hand begins to move in a specific pattern they know what’s wrong. This ceremony may also incorporate sand paintings. This skill cannot be learned and must be acquired suddenly as a gift.
Sand Paintings
Native American technique to diagnosis illness in which white, blue, yellow, and black sand are spread around while chanting occurs
goldenrod root
used to treat pain and reduce fevers
bluestone
a mineral applied to the skin to treat inflammation and poison ivy
how do you fix a “crick” in the neck?
form an x with 2 pieces of silverware over the effected area
African American contraceptive
9 drops of turpentine on a sugarcube 9 days after intercourse
salt + pork
placed on a rag to treat cuts and wounds
Hot Toddies
tea with honey, lemon, peppermint, and a dash of alcohol used to treat colds and congestion
what are raw onions on the feet used for?
to break a fever
Who tended to be leaders in Voodoo
women
Good gris-gris
powders and oils with a good scent
Bad gris-gris
powders and oils with a vile odor
flying devil oil
olive oil with red coloring and cayenne pepper
black cat oil
Machine oil
geophagy
the practice of eating earth, dirt or clay
What were pregnant slaves often given to eat?
clay
How often do muslims pray a day?
5 times
How long do muslims fast
30 days from sunrise to sundown during the month of ramadan
sickle cell anemia
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape (targets black individuals)
what % of children with sickle cell anemia live to adulthood?
50%
How much longer do white people live than black people on average in America?
5.7 years
How much more likely are black women to be incarcerated than white women?
3x
what portion of black children have at least 1 parent under community or correctional supervisions?
more than 2/3
Who tends to be the head of the household in black families?
women
Boufee deliriante (Haiti)
sudden outburst of agitated and aggressive behavior, confusion or occasional hallucinations
Falling out
sudden collapse without warning
Zar
person possessed by a spirit who may weep, laugh, hit their head against a wall, or sing
Brain fog
physical and mental exhaustion, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, irritability, sleep/appetite problems
pallor
absence of underlying red tones in brown skinned people which causes them to appear yellow or ashen grey
Erythema
Inflammation must be detected using palpation to look for warmth and tightness of the skin
cyanosis
in people with dark skin you must look for cyanosis in the lips, tongue, palms, and soles of the feet
Jaundice
in dark skinned people look for yellowing of the sclera, buccal mucosa, and palms/soles
Keloids
raised scar formed on black patients
Pseudofolliculitis
Razor bumps common in black patients
Melasma
patchy tan discoloration of the face in black women during pregnancy
What is the largest minority group in America?
Hispanic/Latino
What portion of the US population do hispanic people make up?
17.3%
What percentage of hispanic people are from Mexico?
63%
Hispanic view of health
health is either the result of luck or a gift from god as a reward for good behavior (people are still expected to maintain this health by creating an internal equilibrium)
5 causes of illness in hispanic culture
1. body imbalance
2. dislocation of body parts
3.magic or supernatural events
4.strong emotional states
5.Envidia
What are the 4 humors?
1. blood - hot and wet
2. phlegm - cold and wet
3. black bile - cold and dry
4. yellow bile - hot and dry
Empacho
The traditional Hispanic belief that a ball of food is stuck in the stomach.
How is empacho treated?
rubbing and gently pinching the spine as well as reciting prayers
caida de la mollera
fallen fontanel, traditional Hispanic belief that the fontanel falls if the baby’s head is touched by the nurse or physician
Why does a baby experience caida de la mollera?
severe dehydration
Brujas
hispanic witches who use black magic
Curanderos
hispanic practitioners who use white magic
Herbrias
Traditional Hispanic word for a person who sells herbs, amulets, and talismans.
mal ojo
bad eye, traditional Hispanic belief that excessive admiration by one person can bring harm to another
Susto
hispanic illness arising from fright in which the soul is able to leave the body and wander freely
Envidia
hispanic beleif that envy causes disease
4 hispanic magico-religious practices
1. making promises to god or a saint
2. visiting shrines
3. offering medals and lighting candles
4. offering prayers
Retablo
a painting on wood or a piece of medal that depicts a healing miracle
milagros
“miracles” or small offering given to a saint in thanks for answering a persons prayers
how do curanderos receive “the gift of healing”
1. they are born with it
2. they learn it via an apprenticeship
3. they receive a calling through a dream, trance, or vision
materia
spanish spirit channeler
partera
spanish lay midwives
What are the 2 ways that limpias are performed?
1. passing and unbroken egg over the ill person
2. passing herbs tied in a bunch over the ill person
Orishas
The hundreds of various Yoruba deities who are the main objects of ritual attention
Ataque
screaming, falling to the ground, wildly moving arms and legs, and hysterically crying
Fatigue
ailment with asthma like symptoms
Pasmo
form of paralysis
celos
jealousy
coraje
rage
tirisia
anxiety
what % of migrant workers are hispanic?
90%
what % of migrant workers live below the poverty line?
80%
what % of the US population identifies as white?
77.4%
what % of the US population identifies as white alone?
62.1%
Europeans compromise what % of new immigrants?
11.9%
what are the 3 largest white ethnic groups in America?
1. German
2. Irish
3.English
What state has the highest % of white people?
maine
German definition of health
a state of well being-physically and emotionally- the ability to do your duty; positive energy to do things; and the ability to do, think, and act the way you would like
why do german people wear shawls?
to protect themselves from drafts
castor oil/ black draught
constipation
chicken soup
used for diarrhea or vomiting as well as a sore throat
peppermint tea
stomachaches
salbec tea
used to treat toothaches
chamomile compress
used to treat ringworm
honey and milk or lemon juice and whiskey
cough or cold
goose fat
rubbed on the chest for congestion
warm oil
placed in the ear to treat earaches
a hard knife (cold metal)
used to treat physical injuries like bumps
senna-leaf
treats constpation
gugel mugel
warm milk with butter, whiskey, and honey used to treat coughs
urine treatment
clean cuts
spider webs
used to clean scratches
swamp root
polish diuretic
What % of the US population claims italian heritage?
17.4%
where do italian americans believe congenital abnormalities come from?
unsatisfied desire for food during pregnancy
what do italians believe will happen if a pregnant woman is not given food that she smells?
she will miscarry
Favism
A condition in which people who eat fava beans suffer from hemolytic anemia; associated with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Common in italians.
Thalassemia
inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia
heritage
culture, ethnicity, religion embraced in the processes of socialization
demographics
the changing picture of the United States and the challenges of the demographic factors
Mastered (11)
You’ve been getting these terms right!
Select these 11
Illness
The imbalance of the person both within ones being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical
Kosher
Jewish Dietary laws which states that only fish with scales and fins can be eaten. Only certain cuts of meat from animals with a cleft hoof and chew their own cud can be consumed. Furthermore, pig and shellfish products are outright banned.
St. Blaise
patron saint of those with throat diseases
When are Muslim boys circumcised?
on the 7th day of life
When was the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act passed?
1938
How do Native Americans treat ear infections?
skunk oil
How do Native Americans treat mouth sores?
Dried raspberry leaves
Meridians
specific points on the body where needles are inserted in acupuncture based on the therapeutic value of cold (used when there is excess yang)
When can ginseng be harvested?
only at midnight on a full moon
sassafras tea
used to treat colds
curandero/curandera
folk healer, someone who uses prayers, herbs, and the laying on of hands to heal; from Spanish “curar”, to heal
what are the core 4 focuses in the cultural care circle
1. Vulnerability
2. Resilience
3.Responsibility
4. Consequences
How many languages are spoken in the US?
350+
Stargazing
Native American diagnostic technique in which singing occurs and a star shoots a ray of light which determines the cause of the illness. This technique must be learned and sandpainting is often included.
Listening
Native American diagnostic tool similar to stargazing except it relies on the sounds that can be heard
What do Native Americans see as the first step to gaining control of consciousness?
Purification
Dandelion
Used by Native Americans to increase the flow of milk from a breatfeeding mother
Thistle
Used by Native Americans to relieve the prickly sensation in the throats of people who live in the desert
How do Native Americans treat colds?
Witch Hazel and Sweet Flag
How do Native Americans treat sore throats?
Comfrey
How do Native Americans treat diarrhea?
Elderberry Flowers
How do Native Americans treat headaches?
Tansy and sage
What are drums used for in Native American healing?
drums are used to help alter the human state of consciousness and interfere with the negative work of spirits
What ethnic group can expect the highest rates of disease and lowest life expectancy?
Native Americans
What proportion of Native Americans live in abject poverty?
1/3
What is the suicide rate for Native Americans ages 15-24?
29.1 per 100,000 people
Ghost Sickness
a preoccupation with death and the deceased frequently observed in Native Americans
Signs of fetal alcohol syndrome
- Abnormal height, weight, and head circumference
- Central nervous system problems
- A smooth philtrum, a thing vermillion border, and small palpebral fissures
What % of Native Americans live in urban areas?
70%
IHS (Indian Health Service)
Federal program in charge of providing health services to Native Americans
How many sections is the IHS divided into?
12
Native American communication style
- low tone of voice
- Don’t ask too many questions
- Note taking is taboo
What % of the US population is Asian?
5.3%
How many languages are spoken by Asian people?
over 30
More than half of all Asian people live in which 3 states?
- Hawaii
- California
- Washington
What 3 cities have the largest asian populations?
- Honolulu
- New York
- LA
Chinese definition of health
a state of spiritual and physical harmony with nature
Taoism
teaches harmony between humans and nature, charity, happiness, and long life
What are the 5 elements in asia?
- wood
- fire
- earth
- metal
- water
Buddhism
teaches harmony/nonconfrontation, respect for life, moderation in behavior, self-discipline, patience, and humility
Confucianism
teaches the achievement of harmony through observing the 5 basic hierarchical roles and relationships of society, such as the ruler and the ruled and the father and son
2 main components in treating disease in Asia
- local pathological changes are always considered to be in conjunction with other tissues and organs of the entire body
- the body and external environment are extremely interrelated
Yang
heaven, light, dynamic, and male forces = protects the body from outside sources
Yin
Earth, darkness, static, and female forces = vital strength of life
What do Asian people believe causes illness?
an imbalance of yin and yang
What body parts are yin?
inside of the body, the front of the body, and the fu structures - gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, bladder, and “warmer”
What body parts are yang?
surface of the body, back of the body, and 5 ts’ang viscera- liver, heart, spleen, lungs, and kidney
When do your yin forces deplete and what is the effect?
its half way depleted at 40 = lethargy and fully depleted at 60= bodily deterioration
What seasons are yin?
winter and spring
What seasons are yang?
summer and fall
Shen Nung
Red emperor who performed 70 experiments where he ingested plants to find out their effects
Nei Ching
The book that holds the entirety of ancient chinese medical knowledge
How do the chinese view their body?
A gift given by their parents which they are responsible for taking care of (not their personal property)
What organs are considered noble in China?
heart and liver
fu
5 hollow organs
ts’ang
5 solid organs which collect and store secretions
Glossoscopy
Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by examining the tongue
Osphretics
Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by listening and smelling
Anamnesis
Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by asking questions
Sphygmopalpation
Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by palpating the pulse
How do chinese physicians feel for the pulse?
they use their 3 middle fingers
In traditional chinese medicine how many pulses are there and where are they located?
6; 3 in each hand
In traditional chinese medicine how many ways is there to characterize a pulse?
15 ways 7 piao or superficial and 8 li or sunken
How many conditions can be diagnosed with a glososcopic examination?
over 100
Jade
stone seen as the giver of children, immortality, wisdom, power, victory, growth, and food in China
Acupuncture
is the practice of inserting needles at specific points on the body to cure diseases or to ease pain.
How many meridians are there?
365
Moxibustion
Therapy used when there is too much yin which involves heating mugwort and passing it over certain meridians
Cupping
placing a heated cup on the skin to create a slight suction the purpose is to remove cold or damp evils from the person
Bleeding
usually performed using leeches this process is performed to remove heat from the body
Tui Na
A complex Chinese system of massage, “pushing and pulling,” using meridian stimulation used to treat orthopedic and neurological problems
What can ginseng not touch while being prepared?
metal
Deer Antlers
strengthen bones and dispel nightmares
Lime Calcium
used to clear excessive mucus
Quicksilver
used externally to treat venereal diseases
Rhinocerous Horn
applied to pus boils and used to treat snake-bites
Turtle Shells
used to stimulate weak kidneys and remove gallstones
Who is the primary healer in China?
physicians
How did chinese male physicians treat women
they would tie a ribbon to a woman’s wrist or use an alabaster figure to point to areas of pain
When was Ayurvedic medicine introduced to America?
1984
What % of people in india live in rural areas?
70%
What proportion of rural Indians use Ayurvedic medicine?
2/3
Dosha
the patient’s basic condition; understanding dosha is central to Ayurvedic medicine
What is seen as the source of life in chinese medicine?
blood which they do not believe is restored = hesitant to have bloodwork done
Asian view of mental health
extreme amount of stigma around it
Hwa-byung
fear of death and tiredness from the resulting imbalance between reality and anger
Koro
Fear in some Asian cultures of genitals retracting into the abdomen causing death
Taijin Kyofusho
Japanese fear of offending or embarrassing others
What percentage of the US population is black?
13.2%
What city has the largest black community?
New York
What county has the largest black population?
cook county, Illinois
What portion of black people live in urban areas?
1/2
What % of slaves brought from Africa were muslim?
between 10-30%
African belief about life
life is a process rather than a state and such a person is viewed more as an energy force than as matter
What is illness primarily blamed on in African American beliefs?
demons and evil spirits
What are the 3 practices African culture use to maintain health
1. 3 nutritious meals a day (breakfast is hot)
2. Rest and a clean environment
3. Laxatives to keep the system open and running
Asafetida
a rotten gum resin that looks like a dried out sponge and has an awful smell worn by Africans around the neck to prevent contagious disease
cod oil
used to prevent colds
sulfur and molasses
Used in the spring in black communities as a mixture rubbed on the back or ingested to cleanse the intestines
What might be born on a black girls wrist?
copper or silver bracelets used to protect the wearer as she grows and to indicate illness (a black ring will appear)
The 3 most common practices to treat illness in black communities
1. prayer
2. laying of the hands
3. rooting
Sugar and turpentine
mixture used to get rid of worms or cure a backache
use for potatoes in black culture
grated to make a poultice which is placed on the body and believed to remove illness when it turns black
cornmeal and peach leaves
used as an antiseptic in African American culture
onions in black culture
used to heal infection
flaxseed poultice
used to treat earaches
