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HOSA Cultural Diversities and Disparities > Cultural Diversities and Disparities > Flashcards

Cultural Diversities and Disparities Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

The balance of the person, both within one’s being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical

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2
Q

Healing

A

The restoration of balance, both within ones being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical

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3
Q

5 steps to cultural competence

A
  1. Personal heritage (who are you) 2. Heritage of others- Demographics 3. Health and health beliefs and practices 4. Healthcare culture and system 5. Traditional healthcare systems
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4
Q

Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS)

A

A set of 15 standards created by the office of minority health in 1997 that most healthcare agencies must meet.

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5
Q

culturally competent

A

Within the delivered care, the provider understands and attends to the total context of the patient’s situation and this is a complex combination of knowledge, attitudes, and skills

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6
Q

culturally appropriate

A

The provider applies the underlying background knowledge that must be possessed to provide a patient with the best possible health

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7
Q

culturally sensitive

A

The provider possesses some basic knowledge and constructive attitude toward the health traditions observed among the diverse cultural groups found in the setting in which he or she is practicing.

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8
Q

What act declared that all recipients of federal funding must take reasonable steps to provide meaningful access to people with limited English proficiency (LEP)?

A

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

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9
Q

What is the official language of the US?

A

English

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10
Q

What % of US residents over the age of 5 speak English at home?

A

79.2%

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11
Q

What % of US residents over the age of 5 speak no English at all?

A

9%

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12
Q

How many US residents speak Spanish (over the age of 5)?

A

37.5 million

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13
Q

Of Spanish speaking residents over the age of 5 what % speaks no English at all?

A

62.9%

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14
Q

Heritage consistency

A

Degree to which a person’s lifestyle reflects his or her traditional heritage

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15
Q

Heritage Assessment Tool

A

The tool that has been developed to determine how deeply a given person identifies with a traditional heritage or is acculturated into the modern, dominant culture

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16
Q

Components of Heritage Consistency

A
  1. Socialization (extended family, where you grew up) 2. Culture (language, folkways) 3. Religion (Historic beliefs, and religious membership and participation) 4. Ethnicity (socializes with members of same ethnic group and participates in folkways)
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17
Q

Culture

A

Metacommunication system wherein not only the spoken words have meaning but everything else does as well

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18
Q

Characteristics of culture

A
  1. the medium of personhood and social relationships 2. A complex whole in which each part is related to another part 3. Learned by each person in a family and social community 4. Dependent on an underlying social matrix
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19
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

1) Belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group. 2) overriding concern with race

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20
Q

Xenophobia

A

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

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21
Q

Xenophobe

A

one unduly fearful of what is foreign and especially of people of foreign origin

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22
Q

How many ethnic groups of Native Americans are there?

A

106

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23
Q

How many federally recognized Native American tribes are there?

A

567

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24
Q

Religion

A

the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

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25
Q

What does the US rank in weekly church attendance?

A

7th

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26
Q

What % of the US is Christian?

A

70.6%

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27
Q

What % of the US is Jewish

A

1.9%

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28
Q

What % of the US is Buddhist?

A

0.7%

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29
Q

What % of the US is Muslim?

A

0.9%

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30
Q

What % of the US is religiously unaffiliated?

A

22.8%

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31
Q

Acculturation

A

The process of adapting to and becoming absorbed into the dominant culture (The process is involuntary)

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32
Q

Socialization

A

The process of being raised in a culture and acquiring the characterizations of that group (often occurs through schooling)

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33
Q

How long does it take to fully acculturate?

A

3 generations

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34
Q

Assimilation

A

Becoming in all ways like the members of the dominant culture

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35
Q

Cultural Conflicts

A

events that occur when there is polarization between 2 groups and their differences are intensified by the way they are perceived

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36
Q

Silent Generation

A

people born between 1938 and 1945 who believe in community service and conforming to societies standards

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37
Q

The Boomer Generation

A

people born between 1946 and 1964 they like to work hard play hard and are often closer to friends than family

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38
Q

Gen X

A

people born between 1965 and 1980 who tend to only work hard if it doesn’t interfere with having a good time

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39
Q

Millennials

A

people born between 1977 and 1994 who are very dependent on technology

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40
Q

Gen Z

A

people born between 1995 and 2012 characterized by independence and an eagerness to jump into life. While proficient with tech they often prefer personal interaction.

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41
Q

6 variables that lead to cultural conflict

A
  1. Decade of birth 2. Generation 3. class and income 4. Language 5. Education 6. Literacy
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42
Q

women’s earnings are what % of men’s?

A

74-80%

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43
Q

Between 1980 and 2009 the percentage of students to complete high school went from _______ % to ________%

A

69% to 85.3%

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44
Q

How many American adults scored a below basic on an English literacy test?

A

11 million

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45
Q

Environmental Control

A

the ability of members of a particular cultural group to plan activities that control nature or direct environment factors

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46
Q

Personal Space

A

people’s behaviors and attitudes towards the space that surrounds themselves

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47
Q

Territoriality

A

the behavior and attitude and attitude people exhibit about an area they have claimed and defended or react emotionally to when others encroach on it

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48
Q

In 2010 POC represented what % of the population?

A

36.3% (This percentage is continually growing)

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49
Q

What is the median age of the population?

A

37.2 years old

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50
Q

People aged 16-64 make up what % of the population?

A

62.9%

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51
Q

People 65 and older make up what % of the population?

A

13% (This % is projected to grow as the baby boomers get older)

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52
Q

Naturalization

A

Process by which foreign born people aged 18+ can become US citizens

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53
Q

Refugees

A

Persons who seek residence in the US in order to avoid persecution in their country of origin

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54
Q

Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR)

A

any person not a citizen of the US who is residing in the US under legally recognized and lawfully recorded permanent residence as an immigrant

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55
Q

What are the 3 leading countries of origin for LPRs?

A
  1. Mexico (13.6%)
  2. China (6.9%)
  3. India (6.6%)
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56
Q

Where did the largest % of naturalized people come from?

A

Asia (39%)

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57
Q

Top 3 cities of residence for LPRs

A
  1. New York (16.9%)
  2. LA (8.1%)
  3. Miami (6.7%)
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58
Q

What are the top 3 states of residence for undocumented people?

A
  1. California
  2. Texas
  3. New York
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59
Q

Top 3 states of residency for LPRs

A
  1. California
  2. New York
  3. Florida
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60
Q

Physical Poverty

A

substandard housing, limited access to healthcare, poor nutrition, ext.

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61
Q

Mental Poverty

A

poor education, little opportunity, limited access to mental health services, ext.

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62
Q

Spiritual Poverty

A

despair, the experience of being disparaged and disenfranchised

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63
Q

What is the official poverty rate?

A

14.8% (14.8 million people in poverty)

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64
Q

What % of black people are impoverished?

A

26.2%

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65
Q

What % of Hispanics are impoverished?

A

23.6%

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66
Q

What % of white people are impoverished?

A

10.1%

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67
Q

What % of children under 18 are impoverished?

A

21.1%

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68
Q

How many federal programs provide aid to impoverished individuals?

A

more than 80

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69
Q

What is the largest government program used to fight poverty?

A

Medicaid followed by SNAP and Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

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70
Q

In 2014 what % of households were headed by women?

A

30.5%

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71
Q

The Health People Series

A

science based 10 year national objectives designed to improve the health of all people (created by the surgeon general)

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72
Q

Health Equity

A

attainment of the highest level of health for all people

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73
Q

Health Disparity

A

a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage

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74
Q

Physical Wellbeing

A

relates to vigor and vitality, feeling very healthy and full of energy

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75
Q

Mental Wellbeing

A

being satisfied with ones life, accepting ones self, and balancing positive and negative emotions

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76
Q

Social Wellbeing

A

providing and receiving quality support from friends, family, and others

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77
Q

What are the 3 domains of health belief?

A
  1. Perceived susceptibility
  2. Perceived seriousness
  3. Perceived benefits of taking action
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78
Q

4 Main Components of the Sick Role

A
  1. the sick person is exempted from the performance of certain normal social obligations
  2. They are exempted from certain responsibility for their own state (they’re not blamed for being sick)
  3. The legitimization of the sick role is only partial (You should attempt to recover as quickly as possible)
  4. Being sick except in the mildest of cases is being in need of help
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79
Q

4 Phases of Illness

A
  1. Onset- time when the first symptoms appear
  2. Diagnosis- the disease is identified and the persons sick role is now socially accepted
  3. Patient status- the person adjusts to the social aspects of being ill
  4. Recovery-relinquishing of sick role and assumption of pre-illness roles
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80
Q

5 Phases of Illness

A
  1. symptom experience
  2. assumption of sick role- asks friends and family for advice
  3. medical care contact stage- goes to health professionals for official diagnosis
  4. the dependent patient stage- person is under control of health care providers and is expected to comply with their demands
  5. The recover/rehabilitation phase
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81
Q

Primary Care

A

clinics and local doctors offices (condition is usually stable)

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82
Q

Secondary Care

A

surgery, specialty care, and mental health care (unstable status)

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83
Q

Tertiary Care

A

Extensive surgery, Radiation, or other high tech care (Patient is deteriorating)

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84
Q

Health Maintenance

A

Everyday ways people go about living and attempting to stay well or healthy and ordinarily function within their family, community, or society. (ex. wearing a jacket in the cold or eating a balanced diet)

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85
Q

Health Protection

A

protection of health rests on the ability to understand the cause of a certain illness or symptom and prevent it (getting vaccinated or wearing a red ribbon to protect from the evil eye)

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86
Q

Evil Eye

A

belief that someone can project harm by gazing or staring at another’s property or person (the oldest and most widespread superstition)

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87
Q

5 Common Beliefs Surrounding the Evil Eye

A
  1. the power emanates from the eye/mouth and strikes the victim
  2. The injury/ misfortune is sudden
  3. the person who cast the evil eye might not be aware
  4. the afflicted may or may not know the source
  5. The injury may be prevented or cured with rituals and symbols
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88
Q

German Term for Evil Eye

A

aberglobin or aberglaubisch

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89
Q

Polish Term for Evil Eye

A

szatan

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90
Q

Yiddish Term for Evil Eye

A

kayn aynhoreh

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91
Q

What expression is used by Jewish people after giving a compliment or statement of luck to prevent the evil eye?

A

kineahora

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92
Q

Dybbuk

A

wandering, disembodied soul that enters another person’s body and holds fast

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93
Q

3 Traditional Practices Used in the Protection of Health

A
  1. The use of protective objects
  2. The use of ingested substances, the removal of an item from a diet, or the hanging of substances around the body/house
  3. The practices of religion
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94
Q

Amulets

A

sacred objects worn on a string or chain around the neck, wrist, or waist to protect the wearer from evil spirits

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95
Q

Mano Milagroso

A

“miraculous hand” it is worn by many people of Mexican origin for luck and to ward off evil spirits

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96
Q

Mano Negro

A

placed on babies of Puerto Rican descent to ward off the evil eye (placed on wrist or pinned to diaper during early years of life)

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97
Q

Bangles

A

Silver bracelets that are open in order to let evil spirits out yet also closed to prevent evil from entering the body and tinkle when the wearer moves to scare away evil spirits (worn from infancy onwards by people from the west indies)

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98
Q

What will a bangle do when you are becoming ill?

A

tarnish and leave a black ring on your wrist

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99
Q

Tailsman

A

an object possessing extraordinary powers that may be worn on a rope around the waist or in a pocket or purse

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100
Q

Ginseng

A

used to preventively “build the blood” especially after childbirth. Tradition states that the more the root looks like a person the more effective it will be.

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101
Q

Spirituality

A

connotes the way we orient ourselves toward the divine, the way we make meaning out of our lives, the recognition of the presence of a spirit within us, a cultivation of a lifestyle consistent with this presence, and a perspective to foster purpose, meaning, and direction to life

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102
Q

Virgin of Guadalupe

A

The patron saint of Mexico who is believed to protect the person or home that is wearing her image from harm

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103
Q

Traditional Healthcare

A

Healthcare beliefs and practices that are observed among peoples who steadfastly maintain their heritage and observe healthcare practices derived from their ethnocultural or religious heritage

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104
Q

Natural folk medicine

A

(rational folk medicine) the use of the natural environment, herbs, plants, minerals, and animal substances to prevent and treat illness

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105
Q

Magico-religious folk medicine

A

(occult folk medicine) the use of charms, holy words, and holy actions to prevent and cure illness

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106
Q

Purple foxglove

A

contains the cardiotonic digitalis and is used to slow the heartrate

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107
Q

Feverfew

A

herb used to treat headaches

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108
Q

Allopathy (Dualistic)

A

A system of medicine that embraces all methods of empirical science. Scientific methodology is used to prove the value in the treatment of diseases.

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109
Q

Homeopathic (Holistic)

A

Sees health as a balance of the physical, mental, and spiritual whole. Homeopathic treatments are often referred to as complimentary or alternative medicine and include practices such as acupuncture and massage therapy.

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110
Q

Alternative/Integrative Therapies

A

therapies that are not a part of ones ethnocultural background and are not widely taught in US medical schools or available at hospitals (homeopathic) (ex. A white person using acupuncture)

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111
Q

Traditional/Ethnocultural Therapies

A

Therapies that are a part of ones ethnocultural background (homeopathic) (ex. A Chinese person using acupuncture)

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112
Q

Aromatherapy

A

an ancient science, presently popular, that uses essential plant oils to produce strong physical and emotional effects in the body

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113
Q

Biofeedback

A

the use of an electronic machine to measure skin temperatures; the patient controls responses that are usually involuntary

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114
Q

Hypnotherapy

A

the use of hypnosis to stimulate emotions and involuntary responses such as blood pressure

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115
Q

Macrobiotics

A

Diet and lifestyle from the Far East adapted for the United States by Michio Kushif. The principles of this vegetarian diet consist of balancing yin and yang energies of food.

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116
Q

Massage therapy

A

the use of manipulative techniques to relieve pain and return energy to the body

117
Q

Reflexology

A

The natural science dealing with the reflex points in the hands and feet that correspond to every organ in the body. The goal is to clear the pathways and the flow of energy through the body.

118
Q

Ayuvedic

A

4,000 year old method of healing which originated in India and is the most ancient existing medical system that uses diet, natural therapies, and herbs. Its chief aim is longevity and quality of life. It formed the foundation for Chinese medicine.

119
Q

Cuanderismo

A

Traditional Mexican system of healthcare originating in Spain and derived from the traditional practices of indigenous Indian and Spanish Health practices

120
Q

Qi Gong

A

Form of Chinese traditional medicine which combines movement, meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance the flow of qi (vital energy) to improve circulation and enhance the immune system

121
Q

Reiki

A

A Japanese form of therapy which is based on the belief that when spiritual energy is channeled through a practitioner the patients spirit is healed which in turn heals the physical body

122
Q

Santeria

A

A syncretic religion composed of both African and Catholic beliefs that is practiced among Puerto Rican and Dominican individuals

123
Q

Voodoo

A

A religion that combines Christian and African Yoruba religious beliefs

124
Q

Origin of Homeopathic medicine

A

Created between 1790 and 1810 by Samuel C. Hahnemann in Germany

125
Q

Law of similars in homeopathy

A

A substance that is used to treat a certain set of symptoms is the same substance if given to a healthy person would cause the symptoms

126
Q

Osteopathy

A

Uniquely American branch of medicine created by Dr. Still in 1847. DO’s in addition to using allopathic techniques to cure patients also perform manipulations of the bones, muscles, and joints as therapy

127
Q

Chiropractic

A

Treatment consisting of manipulation to eradicate subluxations in order to resume normal transmission of “mental impulses” between the brain and the body organs (often focused on around the spine)

128
Q

Christian Science

A

Turn to the bible and pages of science and health for answers to humanities deepest questions (they are free to implement any form of therapy they feel comfortable with)

129
Q

NCCIH- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

A

Federal government agency in charge of scientific research on complementary and integrative health approaches

130
Q

Complimentary Medicine

A

Term used to describe when a nonmainstream therapy is used in combination with a mainstream one (ex. taking a muscle relaxant and going to a chiropractor)

131
Q

Alternative Medicine

A

When a nonmainstream practice is used in place of conventional medicine

132
Q

Integrative health

A

The process of incorporating complementary approaches towards medicine into mainstream healthcare

133
Q

What portion of Americans seek healthcare from a place outside of their doctors office?

A

1/3

134
Q

What % of Americans use solely alternative medicine?

A

5%

135
Q

What % of American adults have used a dietary supplement other than vitamins/minerals?

A

17.7%

136
Q

How much money do Americans spend annually on complementary/ alternative medicine?

A

$33.9 billion out of pocket

137
Q

3 theories why people seek alternative care

A
  1. Dissatisfaction with allopathic care
  2. Need for personal control
  3. Philosophical congruence - aligns with their religious/spiritual views
138
Q

Telotherapy

A

Spiritual Healing

139
Q

St. Odilia

A

Patron Saint of Blindness

140
Q

St. Dymphna

A

Saint of Mental Illness

141
Q

Callery Pear Tree

A

shrine found in the rubble of the world trade center

142
Q

Tomb of Menachem Mendel Schneerson

A

Shrine located in Queens, New York where Jewish people gather to receive healing

143
Q

Shrine of our lord of Esquipuals

A

Located in Chimayo, New Mexico eating the dirt from this shrine is believed to cure illness

144
Q

Lourdes, France

A

Site where the Virgin Mary appeared to Bernadette Soubrious (there have been 67 accepted miracle cures here)

145
Q

Shrine of Our Lady of Montserrat

A

Statue of Black Madonna in Barcelona, Spain

146
Q

Fatima, Portugal

A

Place where Mary appeared to 3 Shepard children which is now a site for pilgrimages

147
Q

What religious group uses the laying on of hands for healing?

A

Mormons

148
Q

Spiritual Healing

A

The cause of the illness is sin and the cure is repentance

149
Q

Inner healing

A

Cause is emotional or mental distress; arises from the conscious or subconscious mind. Focus on healing the person’s memory

150
Q

Physical Healing

A

Healing a bodily illness, such as leprosy (often through some sort of prayer)

151
Q

Deliverance or Exorcism

A

when the body or mind are victims from evil from the outside, exorcism is used

152
Q

Herbalists

A

plant experts who use their knowledge of plants to heal

153
Q

Limpia

A

cleansing

154
Q

What are considered the most important days in a baby’s early life?

A

3rd, 7th, 8th, and 40th days

155
Q

What happens on the 8th day of life for a male Muslim baby?

A

a lock of their hair is cut and then his forehead is sprinkled with sheep’s blood (the hair is then weighed and the weight of it was given to the poor)

156
Q

When are Jewish boys circumcised?

A

on the 8th day of life

157
Q

When are Christian children baptized?

A

on the 8th or 40th day of life

158
Q

Adhan

A

words whispered into a babies right ear upon birth by Islamic fathers

159
Q

In Haiti what color represents death?

A

White

160
Q

How long is the Jewish mourning period?

A

7 days

161
Q

How long after the burial do Muslim people hold the ceremony?

A

2 days

162
Q

What is placed in the orifices of Chinese people to prevent the entrance of evil spirits?

A

Jade stones

163
Q

Beliefs of Healthcare Workers

A

standardized dualistic definitions of health and illness, and the omnipotence of technology

164
Q

Practices of Healthcare Workers

A

the maintenance and protection of health or prevention of disease through such mechanisms of avoidance of stress, the use of immunizations, and the high use of costly medications; and the annual physical examinations and diagnostic procedures such as pap smears

165
Q

Habits of Healthcare Workers

A

charting, the constant use of medical jargon, the use of problem-solving methodology, dependence on electronic monitors

166
Q

Dislikes of Healthcare Workers

A

tardiness, disorganization, and disorderliness

167
Q

Customs of Healthcare Workers

A

professional deference and adherence to the pecking order found in autocratic and bureaucratic systems, handwashing and the ritual scrubbing procedures, and the use of certain procedures regarding death/birth

168
Q

Expectations of Healthcare Workers

A

recovery no matter the cost or consequence of the the therapies expended

169
Q

Why is healthcare so expensive?

A
  1. advances in medical science and associated tech/pharmaceuticals
  2. The advent of widespread health insurance
170
Q

What is the annual price of healthcare in the US?

A

$2.919 trillion

171
Q

What is the biggest business in the US?

A

Healthcare

172
Q

When was the Affordable Care Act passed?

A

2010

173
Q

What country has the highest infant mortality rate?

A

Afghanistan 115.05 per 1,000 births

174
Q

What country has the lowest infant mortality rate?

A

Monaco 1.82 per 1,000 births

175
Q

What is the infant mortality rate in the US?

A

5.98 per 1,000 births

176
Q

What is the rank of the US for infant mortality rates?

A

174th

177
Q

What year is the cutoff used to compare healthcare costs and events?

A

1960

178
Q

3 ways medicine is used as a form of social control

A
  1. Determines how you should live your life (don’t smoke, eat a low salt-diet, ect.)
  2. Retains absolute control over certain technologies
  3. people use medical jargon to try and get laws passed (it would be good for the health of the economy)
179
Q

Medical Care

A

the art and science of the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health

180
Q

Native Americans make up what % of the US population?

A

1.2% or 5.4 million people

181
Q

What is the median age of the Native American population?

A

31.4 years

182
Q

What is the life expectancy for a Native American person?

A

73.7 years

183
Q

How many states do Native Americans occupy?

A

26

184
Q

Native American idea of health

A

total harmony with nature and having the ability to survive under exceedingly difficult circumstances

185
Q

How do Native Americans divide the body?

A

they divide the body into 2 halves (one positive and one negative) and they believe that every being possesses 2 energy poles which can be spiritually influenced

186
Q

Native American Idea of Identity

A

every being has a purpose and identity that he or she is able to control which is what kindles the spirit

187
Q

Duklij

A

a turquoise or green malachite amulet that may be used among American Indians to ward off evil spirits and bring rain

188
Q

Native American View of Illness

A

there is a reason for every sickness or pain; illness is the price to pay for either something that happened in the past or something that will happen in the future

189
Q

Kusiut

A

a reference term for an American Indian medicine man; a “learned one”

190
Q

How do the Hopi people diagnosis illness

A

their medicine man meditates often using the help of a crystal ball or jimsonweed to enter a trance and see whats wrong

191
Q

What do Native Americans use to treat fever?

A

A plant that smells like lightning

192
Q

What are the 3 types of divination practiced by the navajo people to diagnosis illness?

A
  1. Motion in the hand
  2. Stargazing
  3. Listening
193
Q

How do the Navajo treat illness

A

singing (a specific set of chants)

194
Q

Motion of the hand

A

Sand or pollen sprinkled around the sick person and the medicine man closes their eyes and begins to move their hand while a song is played. They then begin to think of different illness and when their hand begins to move in a specific pattern they know what’s wrong. This ceremony may also incorporate sand paintings. This skill cannot be learned and must be acquired suddenly as a gift.

195
Q

Sand Paintings

A

Native American technique to diagnosis illness in which white, blue, yellow, and black sand are spread around while chanting occurs

196
Q

goldenrod root
used to treat pain and reduce fevers

bluestone
a mineral applied to the skin to treat inflammation and poison ivy

how do you fix a “crick” in the neck?
form an x with 2 pieces of silverware over the effected area

African American contraceptive
9 drops of turpentine on a sugarcube 9 days after intercourse

salt + pork
placed on a rag to treat cuts and wounds

Hot Toddies
tea with honey, lemon, peppermint, and a dash of alcohol used to treat colds and congestion

what are raw onions on the feet used for?
to break a fever

Who tended to be leaders in Voodoo
women

Good gris-gris
powders and oils with a good scent

Bad gris-gris
powders and oils with a vile odor

flying devil oil
olive oil with red coloring and cayenne pepper

black cat oil
Machine oil

geophagy
the practice of eating earth, dirt or clay

What were pregnant slaves often given to eat?
clay

How often do muslims pray a day?
5 times

How long do muslims fast
30 days from sunrise to sundown during the month of ramadan

sickle cell anemia
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape (targets black individuals)

what % of children with sickle cell anemia live to adulthood?
50%

How much longer do white people live than black people on average in America?
5.7 years

How much more likely are black women to be incarcerated than white women?
3x

what portion of black children have at least 1 parent under community or correctional supervisions?
more than 2/3

Who tends to be the head of the household in black families?
women

Boufee deliriante (Haiti)
sudden outburst of agitated and aggressive behavior, confusion or occasional hallucinations

Falling out
sudden collapse without warning

Zar
person possessed by a spirit who may weep, laugh, hit their head against a wall, or sing

Brain fog
physical and mental exhaustion, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, irritability, sleep/appetite problems

pallor
absence of underlying red tones in brown skinned people which causes them to appear yellow or ashen grey

Erythema
Inflammation must be detected using palpation to look for warmth and tightness of the skin

cyanosis
in people with dark skin you must look for cyanosis in the lips, tongue, palms, and soles of the feet

Jaundice
in dark skinned people look for yellowing of the sclera, buccal mucosa, and palms/soles

Keloids
raised scar formed on black patients

Pseudofolliculitis
Razor bumps common in black patients

Melasma
patchy tan discoloration of the face in black women during pregnancy

What is the largest minority group in America?
Hispanic/Latino

What portion of the US population do hispanic people make up?
17.3%

What percentage of hispanic people are from Mexico?
63%

Hispanic view of health
health is either the result of luck or a gift from god as a reward for good behavior (people are still expected to maintain this health by creating an internal equilibrium)

5 causes of illness in hispanic culture
1. body imbalance
2. dislocation of body parts
3.magic or supernatural events
4.strong emotional states
5.Envidia

What are the 4 humors?
1. blood - hot and wet
2. phlegm - cold and wet
3. black bile - cold and dry
4. yellow bile - hot and dry

Empacho
The traditional Hispanic belief that a ball of food is stuck in the stomach.

How is empacho treated?
rubbing and gently pinching the spine as well as reciting prayers

caida de la mollera
fallen fontanel, traditional Hispanic belief that the fontanel falls if the baby’s head is touched by the nurse or physician

Why does a baby experience caida de la mollera?
severe dehydration

Brujas
hispanic witches who use black magic

Curanderos
hispanic practitioners who use white magic

Herbrias
Traditional Hispanic word for a person who sells herbs, amulets, and talismans.

mal ojo
bad eye, traditional Hispanic belief that excessive admiration by one person can bring harm to another

Susto
hispanic illness arising from fright in which the soul is able to leave the body and wander freely

Envidia
hispanic beleif that envy causes disease

4 hispanic magico-religious practices
1. making promises to god or a saint
2. visiting shrines
3. offering medals and lighting candles
4. offering prayers

Retablo
a painting on wood or a piece of medal that depicts a healing miracle

milagros
“miracles” or small offering given to a saint in thanks for answering a persons prayers

how do curanderos receive “the gift of healing”
1. they are born with it
2. they learn it via an apprenticeship
3. they receive a calling through a dream, trance, or vision

materia
spanish spirit channeler

partera
spanish lay midwives

What are the 2 ways that limpias are performed?
1. passing and unbroken egg over the ill person
2. passing herbs tied in a bunch over the ill person

Orishas
The hundreds of various Yoruba deities who are the main objects of ritual attention

Ataque
screaming, falling to the ground, wildly moving arms and legs, and hysterically crying

Fatigue
ailment with asthma like symptoms

Pasmo
form of paralysis

celos
jealousy

coraje
rage

tirisia
anxiety

what % of migrant workers are hispanic?
90%

what % of migrant workers live below the poverty line?
80%

what % of the US population identifies as white?
77.4%

what % of the US population identifies as white alone?
62.1%

Europeans compromise what % of new immigrants?
11.9%

what are the 3 largest white ethnic groups in America?
1. German
2. Irish
3.English

What state has the highest % of white people?
maine

German definition of health
a state of well being-physically and emotionally- the ability to do your duty; positive energy to do things; and the ability to do, think, and act the way you would like

why do german people wear shawls?
to protect themselves from drafts

castor oil/ black draught
constipation

chicken soup
used for diarrhea or vomiting as well as a sore throat

peppermint tea
stomachaches

salbec tea
used to treat toothaches

chamomile compress
used to treat ringworm

honey and milk or lemon juice and whiskey
cough or cold

goose fat
rubbed on the chest for congestion

warm oil
placed in the ear to treat earaches

a hard knife (cold metal)
used to treat physical injuries like bumps

senna-leaf
treats constpation

gugel mugel
warm milk with butter, whiskey, and honey used to treat coughs

urine treatment
clean cuts

spider webs
used to clean scratches

swamp root
polish diuretic

What % of the US population claims italian heritage?
17.4%

where do italian americans believe congenital abnormalities come from?
unsatisfied desire for food during pregnancy

what do italians believe will happen if a pregnant woman is not given food that she smells?
she will miscarry

Favism
A condition in which people who eat fava beans suffer from hemolytic anemia; associated with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Common in italians.

Thalassemia
inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia

heritage
culture, ethnicity, religion embraced in the processes of socialization

demographics
the changing picture of the United States and the challenges of the demographic factors

Mastered (11)
You’ve been getting these terms right!
Select these 11
Illness
The imbalance of the person both within ones being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical

Kosher
Jewish Dietary laws which states that only fish with scales and fins can be eaten. Only certain cuts of meat from animals with a cleft hoof and chew their own cud can be consumed. Furthermore, pig and shellfish products are outright banned.

St. Blaise
patron saint of those with throat diseases

When are Muslim boys circumcised?
on the 7th day of life

When was the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act passed?
1938

How do Native Americans treat ear infections?
skunk oil

How do Native Americans treat mouth sores?
Dried raspberry leaves

Meridians
specific points on the body where needles are inserted in acupuncture based on the therapeutic value of cold (used when there is excess yang)

When can ginseng be harvested?
only at midnight on a full moon

sassafras tea
used to treat colds

curandero/curandera
folk healer, someone who uses prayers, herbs, and the laying on of hands to heal; from Spanish “curar”, to heal

what are the core 4 focuses in the cultural care circle
1. Vulnerability
2. Resilience
3.Responsibility
4. Consequences

How many languages are spoken in the US?
350+

A
197
Q

Stargazing

A

Native American diagnostic technique in which singing occurs and a star shoots a ray of light which determines the cause of the illness. This technique must be learned and sandpainting is often included.

198
Q

Listening

A

Native American diagnostic tool similar to stargazing except it relies on the sounds that can be heard

199
Q

What do Native Americans see as the first step to gaining control of consciousness?

A

Purification

200
Q

Dandelion

A

Used by Native Americans to increase the flow of milk from a breatfeeding mother

201
Q

Thistle

A

Used by Native Americans to relieve the prickly sensation in the throats of people who live in the desert

202
Q

How do Native Americans treat colds?

A

Witch Hazel and Sweet Flag

203
Q

How do Native Americans treat sore throats?

A

Comfrey

204
Q

How do Native Americans treat diarrhea?

A

Elderberry Flowers

205
Q

How do Native Americans treat headaches?

A

Tansy and sage

206
Q

What are drums used for in Native American healing?

A

drums are used to help alter the human state of consciousness and interfere with the negative work of spirits

207
Q

What ethnic group can expect the highest rates of disease and lowest life expectancy?

A

Native Americans

208
Q

What proportion of Native Americans live in abject poverty?

A

1/3

209
Q

What is the suicide rate for Native Americans ages 15-24?

A

29.1 per 100,000 people

210
Q

Ghost Sickness

A

a preoccupation with death and the deceased frequently observed in Native Americans

211
Q

Signs of fetal alcohol syndrome

A
  1. Abnormal height, weight, and head circumference
  2. Central nervous system problems
  3. A smooth philtrum, a thing vermillion border, and small palpebral fissures
212
Q

What % of Native Americans live in urban areas?

A

70%

213
Q

IHS (Indian Health Service)

A

Federal program in charge of providing health services to Native Americans

214
Q

How many sections is the IHS divided into?

A

12

215
Q

Native American communication style

A
  • low tone of voice
  • Don’t ask too many questions
  • Note taking is taboo
216
Q

What % of the US population is Asian?

A

5.3%

217
Q

How many languages are spoken by Asian people?

A

over 30

218
Q

More than half of all Asian people live in which 3 states?

A
  1. Hawaii
  2. California
  3. Washington
219
Q

What 3 cities have the largest asian populations?

A
  1. Honolulu
  2. New York
  3. LA
220
Q

Chinese definition of health

A

a state of spiritual and physical harmony with nature

221
Q

Taoism

A

teaches harmony between humans and nature, charity, happiness, and long life

222
Q

What are the 5 elements in asia?

A
  • wood
  • fire
  • earth
  • metal
  • water
223
Q

Buddhism

A

teaches harmony/nonconfrontation, respect for life, moderation in behavior, self-discipline, patience, and humility

224
Q

Confucianism

A

teaches the achievement of harmony through observing the 5 basic hierarchical roles and relationships of society, such as the ruler and the ruled and the father and son

225
Q

2 main components in treating disease in Asia

A
  1. local pathological changes are always considered to be in conjunction with other tissues and organs of the entire body
  2. the body and external environment are extremely interrelated
226
Q

Yang

A

heaven, light, dynamic, and male forces = protects the body from outside sources

227
Q

Yin

A

Earth, darkness, static, and female forces = vital strength of life

228
Q

What do Asian people believe causes illness?

A

an imbalance of yin and yang

229
Q

What body parts are yin?

A

inside of the body, the front of the body, and the fu structures - gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, bladder, and “warmer”

230
Q

What body parts are yang?

A

surface of the body, back of the body, and 5 ts’ang viscera- liver, heart, spleen, lungs, and kidney

231
Q

When do your yin forces deplete and what is the effect?

A

its half way depleted at 40 = lethargy and fully depleted at 60= bodily deterioration

232
Q

What seasons are yin?

A

winter and spring

233
Q

What seasons are yang?

A

summer and fall

234
Q

Shen Nung

A

Red emperor who performed 70 experiments where he ingested plants to find out their effects

235
Q

Nei Ching

A

The book that holds the entirety of ancient chinese medical knowledge

236
Q

How do the chinese view their body?

A

A gift given by their parents which they are responsible for taking care of (not their personal property)

237
Q

What organs are considered noble in China?

A

heart and liver

238
Q

fu

A

5 hollow organs

239
Q

ts’ang

A

5 solid organs which collect and store secretions

240
Q

Glossoscopy

A

Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by examining the tongue

241
Q

Osphretics

A

Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by listening and smelling

242
Q

Anamnesis

A

Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by asking questions

243
Q

Sphygmopalpation

A

Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by palpating the pulse

244
Q

How do chinese physicians feel for the pulse?

A

they use their 3 middle fingers

245
Q

In traditional chinese medicine how many pulses are there and where are they located?

A

6; 3 in each hand

246
Q

In traditional chinese medicine how many ways is there to characterize a pulse?

A

15 ways 7 piao or superficial and 8 li or sunken

247
Q

How many conditions can be diagnosed with a glososcopic examination?

A

over 100

248
Q

Jade

A

stone seen as the giver of children, immortality, wisdom, power, victory, growth, and food in China

249
Q

Acupuncture

A

is the practice of inserting needles at specific points on the body to cure diseases or to ease pain.

250
Q

How many meridians are there?

A

365

251
Q

Moxibustion

A

Therapy used when there is too much yin which involves heating mugwort and passing it over certain meridians

252
Q

Cupping

A

placing a heated cup on the skin to create a slight suction the purpose is to remove cold or damp evils from the person

253
Q

Bleeding
usually performed using leeches this process is performed to remove heat from the body

A
254
Q

Tui Na
A complex Chinese system of massage, “pushing and pulling,” using meridian stimulation used to treat orthopedic and neurological problems

A
255
Q

What can ginseng not touch while being prepared?
metal

A
256
Q

Deer Antlers
strengthen bones and dispel nightmares

A
257
Q

Lime Calcium
used to clear excessive mucus

A
258
Q

Quicksilver
used externally to treat venereal diseases

A
259
Q

Rhinocerous Horn
applied to pus boils and used to treat snake-bites

A
260
Q

Turtle Shells
used to stimulate weak kidneys and remove gallstones

A
261
Q

Who is the primary healer in China?
physicians

A
262
Q

How did chinese male physicians treat women
they would tie a ribbon to a woman’s wrist or use an alabaster figure to point to areas of pain

A
263
Q

When was Ayurvedic medicine introduced to America?
1984

A
264
Q

What % of people in india live in rural areas?
70%

A
265
Q

What proportion of rural Indians use Ayurvedic medicine?
2/3

A
266
Q

Dosha
the patient’s basic condition; understanding dosha is central to Ayurvedic medicine

A
267
Q

What is seen as the source of life in chinese medicine?
blood which they do not believe is restored = hesitant to have bloodwork done

A
268
Q

Asian view of mental health
extreme amount of stigma around it

A
269
Q

Hwa-byung
fear of death and tiredness from the resulting imbalance between reality and anger

A
270
Q

Koro
Fear in some Asian cultures of genitals retracting into the abdomen causing death

A
271
Q

Taijin Kyofusho
Japanese fear of offending or embarrassing others

A
272
Q

What percentage of the US population is black?
13.2%

A
273
Q

What city has the largest black community?
New York

A
274
Q

What county has the largest black population?
cook county, Illinois

A
275
Q

What portion of black people live in urban areas?
1/2

A
276
Q

What % of slaves brought from Africa were muslim?
between 10-30%

A
277
Q

African belief about life
life is a process rather than a state and such a person is viewed more as an energy force than as matter

A
278
Q

What is illness primarily blamed on in African American beliefs?
demons and evil spirits

A
279
Q

What are the 3 practices African culture use to maintain health
1. 3 nutritious meals a day (breakfast is hot)
2. Rest and a clean environment
3. Laxatives to keep the system open and running

A
280
Q

Asafetida
a rotten gum resin that looks like a dried out sponge and has an awful smell worn by Africans around the neck to prevent contagious disease

A
281
Q

cod oil
used to prevent colds

A
282
Q

sulfur and molasses
Used in the spring in black communities as a mixture rubbed on the back or ingested to cleanse the intestines

A
283
Q

What might be born on a black girls wrist?
copper or silver bracelets used to protect the wearer as she grows and to indicate illness (a black ring will appear)

A
284
Q

The 3 most common practices to treat illness in black communities
1. prayer
2. laying of the hands
3. rooting

A
285
Q

Sugar and turpentine
mixture used to get rid of worms or cure a backache

A
286
Q

use for potatoes in black culture
grated to make a poultice which is placed on the body and believed to remove illness when it turns black

A
287
Q

cornmeal and peach leaves
used as an antiseptic in African American culture

A
288
Q

onions in black culture
used to heal infection

A
289
Q

flaxseed poultice
used to treat earaches

A

HOSA Cultural Diversities and Disparities (1 decks)

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