Cultural Considerations

Question 1

“The totality of socially transmitted behavioral patterns, arts, beliefs, values, customs, life ways, and all other products of human work and thought characteristic of a population or people that guide their worldview and decision-making.” (Purnell and Paulanka)

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

• Composed of all verbal and behavioral systems that transmit meaning.
• Serves as an ever-changing frame for interpreting information and understanding how the world works.

Answer 2

Culture

Question 3

1. Culture is learned
2. Culture is shared
3. Culture is associated with adaptation to the environment
4. Culture is universal

Answer 3

Basic Characteristics of Culture

Question 4

Learned beliefs about what is held to be good or bad

Answer 4

Values

Question 5

Learned behaviors that are perceived to be appropriate or inappropriate

Answer 5

Norms

Question 6

The process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas.

Answer 6

Assimilation

Question 7

The process by which a person or a group’s language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.

Answer 7

Cultural assimilation

Question 8

Occurs when new members of a society become indistinguishable from members of the other group.

Answer 8

Full Assimilation

Question 9

Defined by geography or residential patterns. (Lumen, 2018)

Answer 9

Spatial Concentration

Question 10

• The ability to understand, communicate with and effectively interact with people across cultures.
• It encompasses being aware of one’s own world view and developing positive attitudes towards cultural differences.

Answer 10

Cultural Competencies

Question 11

• A combination of knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors that often are specific to racial, ethnic, geographic, social or religious groups. (NIH, 2013)
• The characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

Answer 11

Culture

Question 12

• It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences.
• These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies.

Answer 12

Diversity

Question 13

• The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.
• Sometimes used interchangeably with the term nation, particularly in cases of ethnic nationalism, and is separate from, but related to the concept of races.

Answer 13

Ethnicity

Question 14

• Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.
• Sometimes related to racism, stereotyping, discrimination, or xenophobia.

Answer 14

Ethnocentrism

Question 15

• If one is very “consistent” with their heritage, then one maintains more of the core values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of one’s cultural heritage.
• If one is more “inconsistent”, then he or she deviates from that cultural heritage.

Answer 15

Heritage Inconsistency

Question 16

It refers to the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language.

Answer 16

Linguistic Competence

Question 17

The transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, and the distance between two individuals.

Answer 17

Non Verbal Communication (NVC)

Question 18

Grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.

Answer 18

Race

Question 19

• A group of people within a culture that differentiates itself from the parent culture to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles.
• Develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political and sexual matters.

Answer 19

Subcultures

Question 20

The use of words to share information with other people. It can therefore include both spoken and written communication.

Answer 20

Verbal Communication

Question 21

1. Language barriers
2. Unfamiliarity with the concept of palliative care/hospice settings
3. Distrust of health care services/clinicians
4. Personal trauma/past trauma
5. Religious differences
6. Belief in alternative medicines
7. Fear of the unknown

Answer 21

Cultural factors that should be considered for children and their families receiving palliative care include:

Question 22

• Gene variations cause obvious differences, such as eye color and genetic diseases
• Environment has been proved to cause disease

Answer 22

Mechanisms of Variation: Genetics and Environment

Question 23

1. Surface Variations
2. Anatomic Variation
3. Developmental Variation in Childhood
4. Biochemical variation and differential disease susceptibility
5. Environmentally related variation
6. Sexual Variation

Answer 23

Selected Physical Variations Related to Human Variations

Question 24

○ Color
○ Secretions
○ Surface Anatomy

Answer 24

Surface Variations

Question 25

``` ○ Body proportions ○ Bones ○ Pelvic measurements and newborn size ○ Pulmonary function ○ Teeth ○ Soft tissue ```

Answer 25

Anatomic Variation

Question 26

``` ○ Body size and proportion differences ○ Developmental maturity differences ○ Environmental effects ○ Surface features ○ Common clinical measurements ○ Disease differential ○ Other variations ```

Answer 26

Developmental Variation in Childhood

Question 27

○ Climate ○ Altitude ○ Diet

Answer 27

Environmentally related variation

Question 28

- Perceived to be separate illnesses within certain cultures. - Typically have both behavioral and physical characteristics.

Answer 28

Culture Based Syndromes

Question 29

Illnesses defined as such by a specific cultural group but interpreted differently or not perceived illnesses by other groups.

Answer 29

Culture Bound Syndromes

Question 30

- Blocked intestines | - May be caused by a hot-cold food imbalance, causing a lump of food to stick to the intestinal wall

Answer 30

Empacho

Question 31

- Soul loss or magical fright | - Believed to be caused by as shock or fright causing the spirit to leave the body.

Answer 31

Susto

Question 32

- Evil eye | - Thought to root from a stranger’s touch or attention

Answer 32

Mal De Ojo

Question 33

1. Cultural Desire 2. Cultural Awareness 3. Cultural Knowledge 4. Cultural Skill 5. Cultural Encounters

Answer 33

The 5 Constructs of Campinha-Bacote’s Culturally Competent Model of Care (DAKSE)

Question 34

- The motivation to want to engage in intercultural encounters and to acquire cultural competence - The starting point of cultural competence. - The nurse must sincerely desire to acquire the cultural knowledge and skill necessary for effectively assessing the client.

Answer 34

Cultural Desire

Question 35

- The deliberate, cognitive process in which the healthcare provider becomes appreciative and sensitive to the values, belief, life ways, practices and problem-solving strategies of a client’s culture. - Involves self-examination and in-depth exploration of one’s own cultural background.

Answer 35

Cultural Awareness

Question 36

- The process of seeking and obtaining a sound educational foundation concerning the various worldviews of different cultures. - The client’s worldview is the basis for his behaviors and interpretation of the world.

Answer 36

Cultural Knowledge

Question 37

The ability to collect relevant cultural data regarding the client’s health history and presenting problem as well as accurately performing physical assessment.

Answer 37

Cultural Skill

Question 38

- The process that allows the healthcare provider to engage directly in face-to-face interactions with clients from culturally diverse backgrounds. - This process requires going beyond the study of a culture and limited interaction with three or four members of the culture. - Repeated face-to-face encounters help to refine or modify the nurse’s knowledge of a culture.

Answer 38

Cultural Encounters

Question 39

1. Unconscious Incompetence 2. Conscious Incompetence 3. Conscious Competence 4. Unconscious Competence

Answer 39

Stages of Cultural Awareness (UI, CI, CC, UC)

Question 40

not aware that one lacks cultural knowledge; not aware that cultural differences exist

Answer 40

Unconscious Incompetence

Question 41

aware that one lacks knowledge about another culture; aware that cultural differences exist but not knowing what they are or how to communicate effectively with clients from different culture.

Answer 41

Conscious Incompetence

Question 42

consciously learning about the client’s culture and providing culturally relevant interventions; aware of differences; able to have effective transcultural interactions.

Answer 42

Conscious Competence

Question 43

able to automatically provide culturally congruent care to clients from a different culture, having much experience with a variety of cultural groups and having an intuitive grasp of how to communicate effectively in transcultural encounters

Answer 43

Unconscious Competence