Cultural concepts and logics w/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are values?

A

→ Values are “desirable trans-situational goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in people’s lives” (Schwartz, 2003)

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2
Q

Are values linked to emotions?

A

→ values are linked to emotions, transcend specific situations, and act as guiding principles in life.

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3
Q

Give me examples of how values and emotions are linked.

A
  • Desirable goals = If you value independence, you discuss it passionately.
  • Trans-situational goals = transcend specific actions/situations; relatively stable over time, but not “unchangeable” because they are a central aspect of the self (in opposition to attitudes).
  • Guiding principles in life = To select or evaluate moral, political, social, economic, spiritual ethics and events.
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4
Q

What are the cultural concepts addressing values?

A
  1. Revised Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture
  2. Basic human value theory
  3. Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map
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5
Q

Explain Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions.

A

→ Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions provide a framework for understanding how cultural differences influence behaviors, attitudes, and values in societies.

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6
Q

What does Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions do?

A

→ It identifies universal societal problems that all cultures must address but solve differently, resulting in cultural variability.

→ These problems serve as the basis for his cultural value dimensions.

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7
Q

What are the 6 universal societal problems defined by Hofstede’s framework?

A
  1. Human inequality
  2. Stress tolerance level in the face of an unknown future
  3. Integration of individuals into primary groups
  4. Emotional roles between men and women
  5. The focus of people’s efforts: future or present (Bond, 1991)
  6. Gratification of ‘enjoying life’ (Minkov, 2010)
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8
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A
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9
Q

What are the cultural Dimensions of Hofstede’s framework?

A

Original Dimensions
1. Power Distance Index
2. Individualism vs. Collectivism
3. Masculinity vs. Femininity
4. Uncertainty avoidance Index
Extended Dimensions
5. Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation
6. Indulgence vs. Restraint

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10
Q

What are Dimensions for?

A

→ Dimensions were developed to analyze and compare cultural values across countries.

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11
Q

Explain the Individualism vs. Collectivism Dimension.

A

→ Focuses on the relationship between individuals and groups.

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12
Q

Explain the Power Distance Index Dimension.

A

→ Focuses on acceptance of unequal power distribution in organizations and society.

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13
Q

Explain the Uncertainty avoidance Dimension.

A

→ Focuses on a society’s tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty.

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14
Q

Explain the Masculinity vs. Femininity Dimension.

A

→ Focuses on the role of gender in defining cultural priorities.

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15
Q

Explain the Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation Dimension.

A

→ Focuses on the role of orientation in society.

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16
Q

Explain the Indulgence vs. Restraint Dimension.

A

→ Focuses on capturing societal approaches to gratification and control of desires.

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17
Q

What are the critiques of Hofstede?

A
  1. Universal problems were proposed only at the individual NOT at the group/cultural level yet data-supported dimensions only at group level and not individual level (Inkeles & Levinson, 1969)
  2. Assumes that everyone in a nation-state endorses the national culture/that societies are culturally homogenous yet no two individuals within the same group share exactly that same cultural characteristics.
  3. Inappropriate design and sampling
18
Q

What is the revised Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture? method?

A

→ Is an updated and refined version of Hofstede’s original cultural dimensions framework (Minkov et al., 2018).

Method:
- A new survey across 56 countries, a more representative sampling compared to the original studies.

19
Q

What are the results of the Revised Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture?

A

Results:

  • Individualism-Collectivism, remains a robust and central cultural dimension. In the revised model, it encompasses aspects of power Distance and Indulgence/Restraint, making it a more comprehensive measure of societal values.
  • Flexibility vs. Monumentalism, an updated version of long-term orientation

→ Flexibility, societies value adaptability, humility, and situational adjustments over rigid principles.
→ Monumentalism, societies emphasize self-confidence, pride, and consistency in values and behaviors.

20
Q

Explain the revised Collectivism/Individualism expressed at the individual level.

A
  • An independent self-construal is more accessible in an individualistic society: Western, individualistic, separate, autonomous, standing out, self-expression, promoting own goals, and internal attributes.
  • An interdependent self-construal is more accessible in collectivistic societies: Non-Western collectivistic, Connected to others, Dependent, Fitting in self-control, promotes group goals, and socially derived attributes.
21
Q

Define Self-Construals.

A

→ Self-Construals, indicate how the self is understood in its relationship to other people (Markus & Kitayama, 1991).

22
Q

What are the limitations of the independent & interdependent self-construals.

A
  • The measure has low reliability and validity, e.g., does not predict the theorized East vs. West differences.
  • Tendency to understand culture in terms of binary oppositions that differentiate “Western” cultures from “other” cultures, while saying little about how “other” cultures may differ from each other (Vignoles et al., 2016).
23
Q

What is the method used in the 7-dimensions of self-construals?

A

→ Self-construals characterized both individual’s personal self-views and cultural group’s prevailing models of selfhood.

Method :
- Study 1 - N= 2924 students in 16 nations
- Study 2 - N= 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations

24
Q

What are the 7 dimensions of self-construals?

A
  1. Defining the self
  2. Experiencing the self
  3. Making decisions
  4. Looking after oneself
  5. Moving between contexts
  6. Communicating with others
  7. Dealing with conflicting interests
25
Q

What is the world value survey?

A

→ It is the study of changing values and their impact on social and political life (happiness and democracy). (Ingelhart & Welzel, 1981)
→ It is the Largest cross-national, non-commercial, investigation representing 90% of the world.

26
Q

Explain the traditional values and survival of the modernization theory.

A
  • Based on the Modernization theory: economic development produces systematic changes in society and politics - transforming two basic value dimensions, and thus, motivations of societies.
  1. Traditional values - Importance of religion, parent-child ties, deference to authority, and traditional family values.
  2. Survival - Importance on economic and physical security vs. environmental protection, growing tolerance of foreigners, gays/lesbians, gender equality, and rising demands for participation in decision-making in economic & political life.
27
Q

Explain Schwartz’s Basic Human Value theory.

A

→ Schwartz’s Basic Human Values theory, identifies a universal structure of human values. It categorizes these values into ten universal value types and organizes them into a circular structure that reflects the dynamic relationships between them.

28
Q

What are the 10 Basic Values?

A

Power -

  1. Self-Direction (Independent thought and action)
  2. Stimulation (Excitement, novelty, and challenge)

Self-enhancement -

  1. Hedonism (Pleasure and enjoyment of life)
  2. Achievement (Success through demonstrating competence)

Conservation -

  1. Power (Social status and control over people and resources)
  2. Security (Safety, harmony, and stability)
  3. Conformity (Restraint of actions that harm others or violate social norms)
  4. Tradition (Respect for customs and ideas of one’s culture or religion)

Self-transcendence -

  1. Benevolence (Concern for the welfare of others)
  2. Universalism (Understanding, tolerance, and protection for all)
29
Q

What are the limitations of Values as a concept of culture?

A
  1. Values are not stable
    → Values change due to life-changing events (puberty, death, having a child)
  2. Value predicts behavior depending on situational circumstances (Baumann & Winzar, 2017).
30
Q

Define Social Axioms.

A

→ Social axioms are general beliefs about the world and how it functions, serving as guiding principles that influence people’s behaviors, decisions, and social interactions. Aiming to explore universal and culture-specific belief systems (Leung & Bond, 2004).

31
Q

What are the 4 universal problems according to Social Axioms?

A
  1. Instrumental - promote/facilitate important social goals
  2. Ego-defensive - helps defend self-esteem/self-worth
  3. Value-expressive - Express values
  4. Knowledge - Help people understand the world
32
Q

What are the 5 Social Axioms on an individual level?

A
  1. Social cynicism
  2. Social complexity
  3. Reward for Application
  4. Fate Control
  5. Religiosity (spirituality)
33
Q

Explain Social cynicism. (SA)

A

→ Social cynicism: Negative view of humanity, mistrust of social institutions, engaging in unethical practices. (’Powerful people tend to exploit others’)

34
Q

Explain Social complexity. (SA)

A

→ Social complexity: Belief that human behavior is complex, inconsistent, multiple routes lead to an outcome. (’People have the opposite behavior on different occasions’)

35
Q

Explain Reward for Application. (SA)

A

→ Reward for Application: Persistence, hard work/investment is rewarded. (’Knowledge is necessary for succes’ & ‘Hard working people will achieve more’)

36
Q

Explain Fate Control. (SA)

A

→ Fate Control: Fate is predetermined - but people can still influence their own outcomes. Engage in rituals/good behavior to avoid bad luck. (’Individual characteristics such as appearance or birthday, affect ones fate’)

37
Q

Explain Religiosity (spirituality). (SA)

A

→ Religiosity (spirituality): Believe in existence of supernatural agents and the benefits of practicing religion. (’Belief in a religion helps one understand the meaning of life’)

38
Q

What are the Social Axioms on a group level?

A
  1. Dynamic Externality: The belief that effort will ultimately lead to justice; belief in external control (religiosity/fate).
  2. Societal Cynicism: Mistrust of social systems, lower intrinsic work motivation or satisfaction.
39
Q

What are the limitations of Social Axioms?

A

According to (Stankov and Saucier, 2015)

  1. Lacks a strong theoretical foundation
    → It is primarily descriptive, grouping beliefs into broad dimensions without a clear explanation of how or why these beliefs interact or influence behavior. (does not offer testable predictions)
  2. Cultural generalization
    → Social axioms assume that beliefs can be universally categorized into five dimensions, but this may not hold true across all cultures.
40
Q

Explain Tightness & Looseness.

A

→ Norms are multidimensional constructs varying in intensity, consensus, and tightness.

  • Tight cultures: Many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior.
  • Loose cultures: Weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior.
41
Q

Explain Cultural Logics - Dignity/face/honor.

A
  • Cultural logic of dignity: “I feel proud when I do what is right and ignore what people think of me” (North America & Europe)
  • Cultural logic of honor: “You lose respect if you back down from a fight” (South America & Mediterranean)
  • Cultural logic of Face: “You maintain your dignity when you do your best in a humble way” (East Asia)