Cultural concepts and logics w/2 Flashcards
What are values?
→ Values are “desirable trans-situational goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in people’s lives” (Schwartz, 2003)
Are values linked to emotions?
→ values are linked to emotions, transcend specific situations, and act as guiding principles in life.
Give me examples of how values and emotions are linked.
- Desirable goals = If you value independence, you discuss it passionately.
- Trans-situational goals = transcend specific actions/situations; relatively stable over time, but not “unchangeable” because they are a central aspect of the self (in opposition to attitudes).
- Guiding principles in life = To select or evaluate moral, political, social, economic, spiritual ethics and events.
What are the cultural concepts addressing values?
- Revised Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture
- Basic human value theory
- Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map
Explain Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions.
→ Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions provide a framework for understanding how cultural differences influence behaviors, attitudes, and values in societies.
What does Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions do?
→ It identifies universal societal problems that all cultures must address but solve differently, resulting in cultural variability.
→ These problems serve as the basis for his cultural value dimensions.
What are the 6 universal societal problems defined by Hofstede’s framework?
- Human inequality
- Stress tolerance level in the face of an unknown future
- Integration of individuals into primary groups
- Emotional roles between men and women
- The focus of people’s efforts: future or present (Bond, 1991)
- Gratification of ‘enjoying life’ (Minkov, 2010)
What are the cultural Dimensions of Hofstede’s framework?
Original Dimensions
1. Power Distance Index
2. Individualism vs. Collectivism
3. Masculinity vs. Femininity
4. Uncertainty avoidance Index
Extended Dimensions
5. Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation
6. Indulgence vs. Restraint
What are Dimensions for?
→ Dimensions were developed to analyze and compare cultural values across countries.
Explain the Individualism vs. Collectivism Dimension.
→ Focuses on the relationship between individuals and groups.
Explain the Power Distance Index Dimension.
→ Focuses on acceptance of unequal power distribution in organizations and society.
Explain the Uncertainty avoidance Dimension.
→ Focuses on a society’s tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty.
Explain the Masculinity vs. Femininity Dimension.
→ Focuses on the role of gender in defining cultural priorities.
Explain the Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation Dimension.
→ Focuses on the role of orientation in society.
Explain the Indulgence vs. Restraint Dimension.
→ Focuses on capturing societal approaches to gratification and control of desires.