✓ Cultural Bias (AO1) Flashcards
What is cultural bias?
the tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural expectations
What is ethnocentrism?
judging other cultures by the standards/values of your own
- extreme of this could be believing your own culture is superior (leads to prejudice)
Examples of ethnocentrism?
Asch & Milgram & Zimbardo
= USA ppts - assuming the case for everyone
What is cultural relativism?
the idea that norms/values can only be understood within specific cultural & social contexts - some things may only exist in specific cultures
Examples of cultural relativism?
diagnosing disorders
e.g. deviation from social norms - different in different cultures
in African cultures normal to hear voices vs. not in Br culture
normal in Spain to have siestas vs. not in Br
What is alpha bias?
when a study/theory over-exaggerates the difference between cultures (this may enhance or undervalue a culture)
What is beta bias?
ignoring/minimising the difference between cultures
What is an emic construct?
a theory that can only be applied to a specific cultural group
(1 culture)
What is an etic construct?
a theory that is assumed to apply to all cultures
(all cultures)
What is imposed etic?
imposed etic = occurs when an emic construct is assumed to be an etic construct
Milgram as an example of imposed etic?
65% of the 40 ppts in his original study went to 450v (USA)
vs.
Kilham & Mann found 16% female + 40% male (Australia) = less obedient culture?
Ainsworth as an example of imposed etic?
20-25% insecure avoidant & 3% insecure resistant in her original study (UK)
vs.
Takahashi found 68% secure + 32% insecure resistant + no insecure avoidant (Japan) = more IR
Zimbardo as an example of imposed etic?
his original study ppts quickly deindividuate & take on their new role
vs.
BBC Prison Experiment - Reicher & Haslam
prisoners overpowered guards (UK)
