Cultural bias Flashcards
What is cultural bias?
A tendency to interpret all phenomena through the lens of one’s own culture, ignoring the effects that cultural differences might have on behaviour.
Who reviewed hundreds of studies in leading psychology journals?
Joseph Henrich et al. (2010)
What did the researcher who reviewed journals find?
Henrich found:
- 68% ppts from the USA
- 96% ppts were from industrialised nations
- 80% ppts were psychology undergraduates
Who found 80% of research participants were undergrads studying psychology?
Arnett (2008)
What does WEIRD stand for?
Westernised, educated people from, industrialised, rich, democracies.
What is ethnocentrism?
Judging other cultures by the standards and values of ones own culture. In its extreme form it is the belief in superiority which may lead to prejudice and discrimination towards other cultures.
Who’s research is an example of ethnocentrism?
Ainsworth and Bell’s Strange Situation
Who found Japanese infants more likely to be classed as insecurely attached due to distress on separation?
Takahashi
What is cultural relativism?
The idea that norms and values, as well as ethics and moral standards, can only be meaningful and understood within specific social and cultural contexts.
What is an etic approach?
Looks at behaviour from outside a given culture and attempts to describe those behaviours as universal.
Who says psychology has often been guilty of an imposed etic approach?
John Berry
What is an emic approach?
Functions from inside a culture and identifies behaviours that are specific to that culture.
What 3 studies in psychology are examples of imposed etic?
- Ainsworth and Bell - Strange Situation
- Definitions of abnormality
- Ethnocentric intelligence testing
Who argued that Western ideals of good mental health may not be shared by the rest of the world so is an example of imposed etic?
Lefley and Pedersen
Who believed intelligence tests are an illustration of the concepts of ethnocentrism and imposed etic?
Brislin
What type of people characterise intelligence as slow, careful and deliberate and who found this?
The Baganda poeple of Uganda
(Wober)
Who found Asch-type experiments in collectivist cultures found higher rates of conformity?
Smith and Bond
Who argues in an age of media globalisation individualist-collectivist distinction no longer applies?
Takano and Osaka
Found that 14 out of 15 studies comparing the US and Japan found no evidence of individualism or collectivism.
Who said cultural psychology is the study of how people shape and are shaped by cultural experience?
Cohen
Who explained how the first intelligence tests led to eugenic social policies in the US?
Jay Gould
How many recruits in WW1 did psychologists pilot their first IQ tests on?
1.75 million army recruits of South-Eastern Europe and African-American descent.
Who suggests basic human behaviour like facial expressions is universal?
Ekman
