Cultural Anthropology Test 2

Question 1

this perspective claims that is the view that all societies evolve in a single direction called “progress” toward complexity and civilization.

Answer 1

Uni-lineal Evolution

Question 2

In the nineteenth century, he suggested that all societies progressed through three evolutionary stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization

Answer 2

Lewis Henry Morgan

Question 3

This theoretical perspective argues that societal and cultural (or evolution) occurs when societies borrow cultural traits from one another

Answer 3

diffusion-ism

Question 4

This cultural anthropologist, known as the father of american anthropology, was a strong opponent of uni-lineal evolution ism.

Answer 4

Franz Boas

Question 5

Franz Boas was a proponent of this method, as opposed to general laws derived from a uni-lineal perspective

Answer 5

Historical particularlism or cultural relativism

Question 6

This perspective on human diversity argued that all humans share a common origin, but some have degenerated from the original type.

Answer 6

Monogenism

Question 7

This perspective on human diversity argued that different groups of humans actually shared separate creations.

Answer 7

Polygenism

Question 8

Between monogenism and polygenism, which can be used as a tool to justify exploitation, oppression, imperialism, and enslavement.

Answer 8

both can be used

Question 9

according to Leslie white, the degree of cultural evolution in a given society is based upon which key variable?

Answer 9

amount of energy harnessed by a sociocultural system

Question 10

This theoretical perspective argues that sociocultural systems adapt to environmental conditions.

Answer 10

Cultural ecology

Question 11

Lewis henry morgan was primarily interested in the evolution of this social institution.

Answer 11

family or kinship systems.

Question 12

This theoretical perspective focuses on how social institutions promote stability in society, but is not very good at explaining why cultural institutions change.

Answer 12

functionalism

Question 13

This theoretical perspective is often criticized as being ethnocentric and Eurocentric.

Answer 13

unilineal evolution

Question 14

Franz Boas was a strong critic of this type of anthropologists, who did not do their own fieldwork

Answer 14

armchair antthropologist

Question 15

This is the opposite of cultural relativism.

Answer 15

ethnocentrism

Question 16

A major division in anthropology is between the materialists and anthropologists of this camp.

Answer 16

the culturalists

Question 17

In this new form of cultural evolutionary theory, sociocultural complexity was not always equated with a notion of progress.

Answer 17

neoevolutionism

Question 18

This theoretical perspective interprets cultures, much like a literary text.

Answer 18

symbolic anthropology

Question 19

This group of anthropological theorists criticize the predominance of men in informant pools.

Answer 19

feminist anthropologists

Question 20

This group of anthropological theorists questioned everything that was assumed to be “true” of ethnography.

Answer 20

postmodern anthropologists

Question 21

Cultural anthropological research is based on this unique method.

Answer 21

participant observation

Question 22

Cultural anthropologists track relationships among members of society using this method.

Answer 22

genealogical method

Question 23

This database contains searchable ethnographic information for more than 300 societies.

Answer 23

Human Relations Area Files

Question 24

This method involves tracking how much time people in society spend doing different activities.

Answer 24

time allocation

Question 25

This type of research participant possesses deep knowledge of the community.

Answer 25

key consultant or key informant

Question 26

This anthropologist explained the dietary prohibitions in the book of Leviticus as a symbolic system sorting foods into 'whole and holy' and 'partial and unholy' categories.

Answer 26

Mary Douglas

Question 27

Low population density is a common characteristic of this type of society

Answer 27

foraging band

Question 28

Tribal populations typically practice this type of subsistence strategy.

Answer 28

pastoralism or horticulture

Question 29

This type of society include a hierarchy of leaders that manage regional populations.

Answer 29

chiefdom

Question 30

This type of subsistence strategy utilizes fertilizer and irrigation systems.

Answer 30

intensive agriculture

Question 31

This production strategy involves felling and burning the forest before planting.

Answer 31

swiddening or "slash and burn"

Question 32

This type of political system is characterized by a centralized bureaucracy.

Answer 32

a state

Question 33

All humans live in this kind of landscape.

Answer 33

anthropogenic landscape

Question 34

This norm characterizes economies in which both men and women are seen as making substantial contributions to household subsistence.

Answer 34

gender egalitarianism

Question 35

Food surplus associated with intensive agricultural production is associated with this demographic outcome.

Answer 35

population growth

Question 36

The flexibility of this subsistence strategy actually makes it more resilient than intensive agricultural production.

Answer 36

foraging

Question 37

Population growth may be largely responsible for the emergence of this type of political organization.

Answer 37

chiefdom

Question 38

This is a measure of the population size that a particular environment can support

Answer 38

carrying capacity

Question 39

This theorist argued that humans ultimately will outstrip the carrying capacity of their environment unless "positive checks" eliminate some of the population.

Answer 39

Thomas Robert Malthus

Question 40

This subsistence strategy involves moving herds of livestock between two seasonal settlements.

Answer 40

transhumance

Question 41

Many pastoralists do not rely heavily on the meat of their animals, but instead of these products.

Answer 41

milk and blood

Question 42

Modern hunter gatherers exist only in this type of environment.

Answer 42

marginal environment

Question 43

This revolution began around 10,000 years ago.

Answer 43

Neolithic Revolution

Question 44

To reduce the effect of anticipated food shortages, foragers sometimes resort to this strategy.

Answer 44

infanticide

Question 45

Sexual abstinence results in this demographic outcome.

Answer 45

lower fertility

Question 46

Agrarian civilizations experienced high population growth because of this demographic phenomenon.

Answer 46

increased fertility rates

Question 47

In this type of kinship system, descent is reckoned through women.

Answer 47

matrilineal system

Question 48

This type of family is an important feature of both foraging societies and industrial societies.

Answer 48

nuclear family

Question 49

One's father's sister's child or mother's brother's child is called this in anthropological literature.

Answer 49

cross cousin

Question 50

One's father's brother's child or mother's sister's child is called this in anthropological literature.

Answer 50

parallel cousin

Question 51

This type of marriage involves marrying someone outside of your own lineage.

Answer 51

lineage exogamy

Question 52

This type of marriage exchange is associated with low female status.

Answer 52

dowry

Question 53

Cross cultural research has shown that societies engaged in external warfare develop this type of residence.

Answer 53

matrilocal residence

Question 54

This form of plural marriage is common in chiefdom level societies.

Answer 54

polygyny

Question 55

This form of plural marriage is extremely rare around the world.

Answer 55

polyandry

Question 56

This type of descent recognizes maternal and paternal kin simultaneously.

Answer 56

bilateral descent

Question 57

In this form of social organization, society is divided into two halves. Each half has a specific function.

Answer 57

moiety

Question 58

This form of marriage exchange compensates the family of the bride for her lost labor and companionship.

Answer 58

bridewealth

Question 59

This type of marriage ensures that corporate rights of a deceased man's lineage will be preserved.

Answer 59

levirate

Question 60

This type of marriage ensures that corporate rights of a deceased woman's lineage will be preserved.

Answer 60

sororate

Question 61

This is the most common type of polyandry.

Answer 61

fraternal

Question 62

Nayar marriage is characterized by what kind of husband?

Answer 62

visiting husband

Question 63

This is the anthropological term for the mother's brother.

Answer 63

avunculate

Question 64

This practice involves a married couple going to live with/near the husband's kin.

Answer 64

patrilocal residence

Question 65

This practice involves a married couple going to live with/near the wife's kin.

Answer 65

matrilocal residence

Question 66

This practice involves a married couple going to live with/near the brother of the husband's mother.

Answer 66

avunculocal residence

Question 67

Divorce is most common in these types of societies

Answer 67

matrilineal and matrilocal

Question 68

According to sociobiologists, male competition for female mates in tribal societies results in this kind of cultural system in which males are dominant.

Answer 68

patriarchy

Question 69

Even in matrilineal societies, this type of cultural pattern has not been documented.

Answer 69

matriarchy

Question 70

During your lifetime, you will probably be a member of these two types of nuclear families.

Answer 70

family of orientation and the family of procreation

Question 71

The marriage of a man and his first cousin or his sister in a chiefdom society is an example of this kind of marriage

Answer 71

endogamous marriage

Question 72

common type of marriage exchange cross culturally

Answer 72

bridewealth

Question 73

This is the symbolic exchange system of the Trobriand Islanders.

Answer 73

kula

Question 74

The Trobrianders practice this type of descent.

Answer 74

matrilineal

Question 75

The Trobrainders produce food using this type of subsistence strategy

Answer 75

horticulture

Question 76

Two Trobriand young adults will declare their marriage by doing this

Answer 76

eating yams together on the veranda

Question 77

Almost all deaths are attributed to this in Trobriand society.

Answer 77

sorcery

Question 78

In Hopi society, mother's brother acts as a disciplinarian to sister's son, but lives with his own wife and children. Based on this behavioral pattern, these types of marriage are predicted.

Answer 78

lineage exogamy and village endogamy