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Cultural Anthropology > Cultural Anthropology Test 2 > Flashcards

Cultural Anthropology Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

this perspective claims that is the view that all societies evolve in a single direction called “progress” toward complexity and civilization.

A

Uni-lineal Evolution

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2
Q

In the nineteenth century, he suggested that all societies progressed through three evolutionary stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization

A

Lewis Henry Morgan

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3
Q

This theoretical perspective argues that societal and cultural (or evolution) occurs when societies borrow cultural traits from one another

A

diffusion-ism

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4
Q

This cultural anthropologist, known as the father of american anthropology, was a strong opponent of uni-lineal evolution ism.

A

Franz Boas

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5
Q

Franz Boas was a proponent of this method, as opposed to general laws derived from a uni-lineal perspective

A

Historical particularlism or cultural relativism

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6
Q

This perspective on human diversity argued that all humans share a common origin, but some have degenerated from the original type.

A

Monogenism

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7
Q

This perspective on human diversity argued that different groups of humans actually shared separate creations.

A

Polygenism

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8
Q

Between monogenism and polygenism, which can be used as a tool to justify exploitation, oppression, imperialism, and enslavement.

A

both can be used

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9
Q

according to Leslie white, the degree of cultural evolution in a given society is based upon which key variable?

A

amount of energy harnessed by a sociocultural system

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10
Q

This theoretical perspective argues that sociocultural systems adapt to environmental conditions.

A

Cultural ecology

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11
Q

Lewis henry morgan was primarily interested in the evolution of this social institution.

A

family or kinship systems.

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12
Q

This theoretical perspective focuses on how social institutions promote stability in society, but is not very good at explaining why cultural institutions change.

A

functionalism

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13
Q

This theoretical perspective is often criticized as being ethnocentric and Eurocentric.

A

unilineal evolution

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14
Q

Franz Boas was a strong critic of this type of anthropologists, who did not do their own fieldwork

A

armchair antthropologist

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15
Q

This is the opposite of cultural relativism.

A

ethnocentrism

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16
Q

A major division in anthropology is between the materialists and anthropologists of this camp.

A

the culturalists

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17
Q

In this new form of cultural evolutionary theory, sociocultural complexity was not always equated with a notion of progress.

A

neoevolutionism

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18
Q

This theoretical perspective interprets cultures, much like a literary text.

A

symbolic anthropology

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19
Q

This group of anthropological theorists criticize the predominance of men in informant pools.

A

feminist anthropologists

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20
Q

This group of anthropological theorists questioned everything that was assumed to be “true” of ethnography.

A

postmodern anthropologists

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21
Q

Cultural anthropological research is based on this unique method.

A

participant observation

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22
Q

Cultural anthropologists track relationships among members of society using this method.

A

genealogical method

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23
Q

This database contains searchable ethnographic information for more than 300 societies.

A

Human Relations Area Files

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24
Q

This method involves tracking how much time people in society spend doing different activities.

A

time allocation

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25
Q

This type of research participant possesses deep knowledge of the community.

A

key consultant or key informant

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26
Q

This anthropologist explained the dietary prohibitions in the book of Leviticus as a symbolic system sorting foods into ‘whole and holy’ and ‘partial and unholy’ categories.

A

Mary Douglas

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27
Q

Low population density is a common characteristic of this type of society

A

foraging band

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28
Q

Tribal populations typically practice this type of subsistence strategy.

A

pastoralism or horticulture

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29
Q

This type of society include a hierarchy of leaders that manage regional populations.

A

chiefdom

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30
Q

This type of subsistence strategy utilizes fertilizer and irrigation systems.

A

intensive agriculture

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31
Q

This production strategy involves felling and burning the forest before planting.

A

swiddening or “slash and burn”

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32
Q

This type of political system is characterized by a centralized bureaucracy.

A

a state

33
Q

All humans live in this kind of landscape.

A

anthropogenic landscape

34
Q

This norm characterizes economies in which both men and women are seen as making substantial contributions to household subsistence.

A

gender egalitarianism

35
Q

Food surplus associated with intensive agricultural production is associated with this demographic outcome.

A

population growth

36
Q

The flexibility of this subsistence strategy actually makes it more resilient than intensive agricultural production.

A

foraging

37
Q

Population growth may be largely responsible for the emergence of this type of political organization.

A

chiefdom

38
Q

This is a measure of the population size that a particular environment can support

A

carrying capacity

39
Q

This theorist argued that humans ultimately will outstrip the carrying capacity of their environment unless “positive checks” eliminate some of the population.

A

Thomas Robert Malthus

40
Q

This subsistence strategy involves moving herds of livestock between two seasonal settlements.

A

transhumance

41
Q

Many pastoralists do not rely heavily on the meat of their animals, but instead of these products.

A

milk and blood

42
Q

Modern hunter gatherers exist only in this type of environment.

A

marginal environment

43
Q

This revolution began around 10,000 years ago.

A

Neolithic Revolution

44
Q

To reduce the effect of anticipated food shortages, foragers sometimes resort to this strategy.

A

infanticide

45
Q

Sexual abstinence results in this demographic outcome.

A

lower fertility

46
Q

Agrarian civilizations experienced high population growth because of this demographic phenomenon.

A

increased fertility rates

47
Q

In this type of kinship system, descent is reckoned through women.

A

matrilineal system

48
Q

This type of family is an important feature of both foraging societies and industrial societies.

A

nuclear family

49
Q

One’s father’s sister’s child or mother’s brother’s child is called this in anthropological literature.

A

cross cousin

50
Q

One’s father’s brother’s child or mother’s sister’s child is called this in anthropological literature.

A

parallel cousin

51
Q

This type of marriage involves marrying someone outside of your own lineage.

A

lineage exogamy

52
Q

This type of marriage exchange is associated with low female status.

A

dowry

53
Q

Cross cultural research has shown that societies engaged in external warfare develop this type of residence.

A

matrilocal residence

54
Q

This form of plural marriage is common in chiefdom level societies.

A

polygyny

55
Q

This form of plural marriage is extremely rare around the world.

A

polyandry

56
Q

This type of descent recognizes maternal and paternal kin simultaneously.

A

bilateral descent

57
Q

In this form of social organization, society is divided into two halves. Each half has a specific function.

A

moiety

58
Q

This form of marriage exchange compensates the family of the bride for her lost labor and companionship.

A

bridewealth

59
Q

This type of marriage ensures that corporate rights of a deceased man’s lineage will be preserved.

A

levirate

60
Q

This type of marriage ensures that corporate rights of a deceased woman’s lineage will be preserved.

A

sororate

61
Q

This is the most common type of polyandry.

A

fraternal

62
Q

Nayar marriage is characterized by what kind of husband?

A

visiting husband

63
Q

This is the anthropological term for the mother’s brother.

A

avunculate

64
Q

This practice involves a married couple going to live with/near the husband’s kin.

A

patrilocal residence

65
Q

This practice involves a married couple going to live with/near the wife’s kin.

A

matrilocal residence

66
Q

This practice involves a married couple going to live with/near the brother of the husband’s mother.

A

avunculocal residence

67
Q

Divorce is most common in these types of societies

A

matrilineal and matrilocal

68
Q

According to sociobiologists, male competition for female mates in tribal societies results in this kind of cultural system in which males are dominant.

A

patriarchy

69
Q

Even in matrilineal societies, this type of cultural pattern has not been documented.

A

matriarchy

70
Q

During your lifetime, you will probably be a member of these two types of nuclear families.

A

family of orientation and the family of procreation

71
Q

The marriage of a man and his first cousin or his sister in a chiefdom society is an example of this kind of marriage

A

endogamous marriage

72
Q

common type of marriage exchange cross culturally

A

bridewealth

73
Q

This is the symbolic exchange system of the Trobriand Islanders.

A

kula

74
Q

The Trobrianders practice this type of descent.

A

matrilineal

75
Q

The Trobrainders produce food using this type of subsistence strategy

A

horticulture

76
Q

Two Trobriand young adults will declare their marriage by doing this

A

eating yams together on the veranda

77
Q

Almost all deaths are attributed to this in Trobriand society.

A

sorcery

78
Q

In Hopi society, mother’s brother acts as a disciplinarian to sister’s son, but lives with his own wife and children. Based on this behavioral pattern, these types of marriage are predicted.

A

lineage exogamy and village endogamy

Cultural Anthropology (1 decks)

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