Cultrual

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

system of shared, learned values and norms

Question 2

Values

Answer 2

abstract ideas about the good, right and desirable

Question 3

Norms

Answer 3

extensions of values- rules and guidelines for living in a society

Question 4

Mores

Answer 4

central to functioning of social life- bring serious retribution

Question 5

Folkways

Answer 5

less serious retribution, smaller things- dress code

Question 6

Herodotus

Answer 6

first historian/geographer/anthropologist- maintains neutrality- no judgement- ‘barbarian’ meaning different from us

Question 7

Aristotle

Answer 7

naturalist- introduced evaluative aspect- telos- we are different by nature- biological incapability of reasoning

Question 8

Hippocrates

Answer 8

cultural-historical stance- group differences arise from differences in climate and social environment/institutions

Question 9

Natural vs. Cultural-Historical Science

Answer 9

Natural- seek knowledge about stable, universal processes

Cultural-Historical- organisation of people’s lives and the environmental influences on people

Question 10

Shweder

Answer 10

Comments on the zeitgeist of psychology as being naturalistic- seeking universal truths- culture merely creating noise- need to isolate central processing unit.
Modern psychology treats culture as an added thing (independent variable) but not something that penetrates our basic mental processes and inherently part of us

Question 11

Schwarts

Answer 11

3 requisites for values: needs as biological organisms, coordinated social interaction, smooth functioning and survival of groups
10 types of values e.g. conformity, self-direction

Question 12

Hofstede (1963-73)

4 dimensions + 2 extra

Answer 12

IBM employees across 70 countries
Power distance- attitudes towards inequality- Aus- low
Individualism/ Collectivism
Uncertainty avoidance
Femininity/ Masculinity
Pragmatism- focus on trying to live right rather than trying to find truth of existence- answering why questions. And long-term orientation
Indulgence- controlling desires and impulses
Aus diverges from China in Power distance, Pragmatism and Indulgence

Question 13

Hofstede’s view

Answer 13

Culture is a source of conflict, significant cultural differences so have to be aware and respectful but only plays an amplifying role on the same mental processes we all experience

Question 14

Shweder’s view

Answer 14

Can’t separate the mind from content or context (provided by culture)- qualitatively different depending on context e.g. Norway
Mind arises from culture and culture arises form the mind - mutually constituted

Question 15

Analytic vs Holistic Thinking

Answer 15

Analytic: separating objects from each other- breaking down components and rules to explain behaviour- relies on abstract thought
Holistic: focus on the entire scene and relations among objects in the scene- relies on associative thought
Related to independent and interdependent cultures

Question 16

Photo study

Answer 16

Westerners describe wolf first and are able to identify wolf better in new context. Japanese don’t separate the wolf from the background so find it harder to identify later
Older Singaporeans- less activity in object processing

Question 17

Facial Expressions

Answer 17

East asians explain the emotion using the surrounding social context

Question 18

Art and photography

Answer 18

Chinese art- more happening around central object
Masudu (2008)- portaits- face to frame ratio- 3x amount of frame in Western
Taking photos- Americans devote more space to focal object, Asians more background

Question 19

Understanding Behaviour

Answer 19

Westerners explain people’s behaviour by attending to their personal characteristics- dispositional vs. situational info
Fidel Castro essay study- fundamental attribution error by Americans- no matter what other info given, still said writer was on Castro’s side?
Miller: Only as Americans get old are they more dispositional- very similar to Indians when young but then Indians diverge to more situational attributions

Question 20

Self-concept and self-enhancement

Answer 20

independent vs interdependent view of self

not everyone engages in self-enhancement or just enhance different thing?- much disagreement

Question 21

Definition of Honour culture- non-nationalistic approach- diffs in different parts of nation

Answer 21

small disputes become contests for reputation and status

Southern White male

Question 22

Evidence

Answer 22

In South people believe a drunk man who bumps into one's wife should be punished more than in North 
More homocides related to arguments about one's status
Insult Study (Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle and Schwartz, 1996)- South more anger, North more amusement. South: 2. higher levels of cortisol and testosterone 3. stronger handshake and dominant posture 4. more cognitively primed for aggression-looking for things to break the door
Chicken game- South: less distance before avoiding bouncer after insult but more courteous when not insulted