CUE Full FC Flashcards
Accessibility
How easy it is to travel to a place or interact with an individual
Agriculture Based Regeneration
The focus of regeneration is to help local farms produce extra revenue such as creating farm shops, building the reputation of local produce and starting local farm attractions (maze mazes, muddy assault courses, tractor trailer rides etc.)
Air pollution
Solid and/or liquid particles and gases in the atmosphere that can have a negative effect on human health and the planet as a whole.
Albedo
The reflectivity of a surface.
The ratio between the amount of incoming insolation & the amount of energy reflected back into the atmosphere.
Light surfaces reflect more than dark surfaces & so have a greater albedo.
In simple terms, it is the amount of solar radiation (insolation) that is reflected by the Earth`s surface and the atmosphere.
Amenity Value
The value of a resource to locals and businesses (beaches, timber, coal)
Anticyclonic
High atmosphere pressure = fine weather. Dry, calm conditions. In summer, can lead to heat wave conditions. In winter, will be cold, clear with blue skies
Appropriate technology
Technology that is suitable to the social and economic conditions of the geographic area in which it is to be applied, is environmentally sound, and promotes self-sufficiency on the part of those using it.
Bioswale rain garden
A sloped retention area designed to capture and convey water while allowing it to infiltrate the ground. They help to store and/or convey runoff and remove pollutants.
Bottom up
When local people are consulted and supported in making decisions to undertake projects or developments that meet one or more of their specific needs.
Brownfield site
An area of previously developed land. The term is used in urban planning to describe land previously used for industrial purposes or some commercial purposes.
Built Environment
The buildings and infrastructure within an urban area
Carbon neutral
Achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount offset, or buying enough carbon credits to make up the difference.
Catchment management
A way of managing rivers and improving drainage systems by looking at the whole river catchment, and the interactions between water and land.
Central Business District (CBD)
The centre of a city, containing a high density of businesses and TNC headquarters.
Channelling
Wind redirected down long, straight canyon-like streets where there is less friction. These are sometimes referred to as urban canyons.
Council Estate
Consisting only of social housing, with tenants on subsidised rent
Counter-urbanisation
This is the movement of people from urban areas into smaller urban areas or rural areas, leap-frogging the rural urban fringe.
Cultural and Heritage quarters
These are parts of the city which develop a cultural or heritage quarter to encourage growth and revitalise the local economy in the arts and creative industries.
Cultural diversity
The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
Cultural Enrichment
The addition of ideas, traditions and beliefs due to the arrival of new people
Cultural Erosion
The loss of a culture, resulting in a change in ideas or disregard for traditions
Culture
The way of life of a particular group of people at a particular time, generally customs and beliefs
Culture-led Regeneration
The focus of regeneration is to enhance historic or cultural attractions of an area such as opening stately homes and building a reputation based on famous residents (Wordsworth country, Beatrix Potter in the Lake District, etc)
Cycle of Deprivation
A negative multiplier effect, where by deindustrialisation leads to economic loss, declining quality of life for locals and the loss of services which all lead to further deindustrialisation.
Decentralisation
The movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas. The term may encompass the processes of suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation.
Degeneration
The decline of a region over time, due to insufficient funds, outward migration and
declining quality of life for residents.
Deindustrialisation
This refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector which occurred in the UK in the second half of the 20th Century.
Demographic
The characteristics of a population
Deprivation
Individuals’ lack basic services or objects they would expect to have in the 21st
Century.
Dereliction
The loss of industry or productivity of a land, leaving it abandoned.
Diaspora
A group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world.
Diversity
Variation within a population, in their characteristics, background and behaviour
Eco city
A city that aims to provide a healthy environment for its inhabitants without using more resources than it replaces.
Ecological footprint
This is a measure of the demands we place on the ecosystems which support us. It is the amount of biologically productive land that is used to produce the resources we consume and to absorb the waste we generate.
Economic inequality
The unequal distribution of money amongst a population.
Economic sustainability
This is about maintaining economic growth without causing long-term negative effects e.g., environmental damage, social inequality.
Edge cities
Modern suburban areas which act as alternative central business district – including shops, offices and entertainment. They are characteristic of low density suburbanisation as in the USA
Elite Migrants
Migration due to an individual’s wealth or status, often investing in the host country through investment visas, property or business
Energy from waste
Electricity and heat produced when general waste is safely burned at high temperatures and under carefully controlled conditions.
Environmental Impact Assessment
The study of environmental impacts caused by large business projects
Environmental Regeneration
The focus of regeneration is to restore and maintain natural environments such as woodlands, beaches and national parks
Ethnicity
The cultural background of a group of people, often based on religion or country of origin.
Fortress developments
These are urban areas which have a strong focus on security and use walls, guarded entrances and security firms to defend a residential or business area. They are based on the ideas of “Defensible Space”
Gated communities
Urban neighbourhoods surrounded by gates often to improve privacy and
safety. They can add to segregation within a community
Gentrification
This is the process by which individuals, or groups of individuals, buy and renovate properties, often in more rundown areas. This is fuelled by wealthier individuals.
Gentrified areas
An area of a town or city - often in the inner city - which has been regenerated by individual people or groups of people.
Governance
The management of a place or group of people
Green belt
Strips of greenfield land surrounding major UK cities, protected to try to reduce urban sprawl and preserve natural environments and habitats
Greenfield site
This is an area which has not previously been built on – often in the rural urban fringe
Hard regeneration
Construction of new buildings and infrastructure and investment within a
region.
Hygroscopic (nuclei)
Water-attracting e.g. dust in the atmosphere around which raindrops can form = hygroscopic nuclei.
Idyll
A location with ideal living conditions and good qualities. Often based on a perception.
Incineration
Thermal treatment of waste (burning).
Industrialisation
The process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.
Inequality
A relative term referring to the differences between people, usually economic, over a geographic distribution.
Inorganic waste
Material that is non-biodegradable. It is chemical substances of mineral origin.
Insolation
Incoming solar radiation.
Internal Migration
The movement of people within a country.
International Migration
The movement of people from one country to another.
Isotherm
A line joining places with equal temperature (like contours joining places of equal height).
Kuznet’s Curve
A graph describing environmental degradation as a country’s GDP per capita increases.
Land remediation
The removal of pollution or contaminants from the ground, which enables areas of derelict former industrial land to be brought back into commercial use.
Landfill/burial
The disposal of waste material by burying it.
Leachates
Toxic wastewater containing arsenic, lead, solvents and other contaminants leached from illegal dumps and landfill.
Leisure-led Regeneration
The focus of regeneration is to attract tourists or improve the social quality of life (sports & activities, attractions, etc.).
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual is likely to live, determined at birth.
Life-cycle Stage
The change in opinions and values at different stages of an individual’s life.
Liveability
A measure of how good living conditions in an area are. It refers to the locations which provide the best and worst living conditions globally.
Lived Experience
The contribution of experiences and opportunities to an individual’s views and values.
Media
The publishing of information and production of entertainment (e.g. BBC, local newspapers, radio stations).
Megacity
A city or urban agglomeration (urban area incorporating several large towns or cities) with a population of more than 10 million people. London (including Greater London) achieved megacity status in 2013.
Metacity
A conurbation with more than 20 million people.
Microclimate
The small-scale variations in temperature, precipitation humidity, wind speed and evaporation than occur in a particular environment such as an urban area
Million city
A city with a population of more than 1 million people.
MSW
Municipal Solid Waste Commonly known in the UK as refuse or rubbish. Most definitions do not include industrial waste, agricultural waste, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge.
Multicultural
The existence, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single geographic area.
Multiculturalism
This refers to a society which recognises values and promotes the contributions of diverse cultural heritages and ancestries of various groups.
Natural increase
This is measured as birth rate minus death rate per 1000 per year.
Natural sustainability
This is about how the environment, resources and waste are managed.
Non-Agricultural Based Regeneration
The focus of regeneration is to produce revenue for rural businesses (e.g. Tea Rooms, Paintballing, Historic Attractions).
Non-point source pollution
Pollution which is the result of precipitation runoff from a wide range of sources including fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture, and chemicals and toxins from urban settlements. These pollutants are difficult to regulate.
Organic waste
Material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or animal.
Overheating
Increased demand for housing and the services of an area results in rising prices rather than increased output.
Particulates
Microscopic matter referred to as PM10 (from exhausts, cement dust, tobacco smoke and ash) and PM2.4 (fine particulate matter).
Perception
A person’s view of a place or issue based on feelings, experience and outside forces such as the media.
Photochemical pollution
A form of air pollution that occurs mainly in cities and can be dangerous to health.
Exhaust fumes become trapped by temperature inversions and, in the presence of sunlight, low-level ozone forms. It is associated with high- pressure weather systems.
Physical sustainability
This is about how well a city is able to support the people living there.
Point of entry
Usually a transport hub, railway, airport or port, where immigrants enter the destination country.
Political Engagement
The willingness and ability of an individual to vote or join political parties or pressure groups.
Population Density
The number of people per square kilometre.
Post-modern western city
This is an urban form associated with changes in urban structure – multi- nodal, iconic and futuristic architectural design and planning and reflects changes social and economic conditions e.g. ethnic and cultural diversity and post-industrial economies.
Poverty
An absolute term, referring to a level of deprivation that does not change over time.
Pressure Group
Usually voluntary organisations, with the aim of persuading the public and changing government policy or authorities actions.
Pull factor
Reasons why people are attracted to an area. Positive things
Push factor
Reasons why people move away from an area. Negative things
Quaternary sector
The sector of the economy where knowledge or ideas are the main output, such as advertising, computer programming and software design.
Rebranding
Creating a new look or reputation for an area.
Recovery
The selective extraction of disposed materials for a specific next use, such as recycling, composting or energy generation.
Recycling
When materials from which items are made are reprocessed into new products.
Regeneration
Policies directed at tackling social, economic, physical and environmental problems within urban areas
Regional Disparity
The economic (or cultural) gap between different parts of a country.
Reimaging
Regeneration and rebranding specifically focussed on removing negative perceptions about a place.
Remediation
The removal of pollution or contaminants from watercourses which have become polluted.
Retail-led Regeneration
The focus of regeneration is to attract shops to high streets and markets, and to establish warehouses and logistical hubs for TNCs.
Reuse
The action of using something again.
Ribbon development
This is urban growth, and the expansion of suburbs, along routes into the CBD
River restoration
The process of managing a river to restore the river systems to a more natural state. It can reduce flood risk, decrease water pollution, create new habitats and increase biodiversity.
Rural Decline
Reduction in population in rural areas, leading to reduced services and government spending for that region.
Rural urban fringe
This is the area beyond the built up area of the town or city
Rural-urban Continuum
A range of living spaces running from remotest peripheral rural villages to the CBD of the city.
Rural-urban migration
The movement of people from rural areas (countryside) to urban areas (towns/cities)
Segregation
The separation of a group from other groups this can be through force or voluntarily. Segregation can often occur due to housing strategies or regeneration projects.
Service / Tertiary sector
The sector of the economy concerned with providing services.
Sink Estates
Council estates that score badly on the Index of Multiple Deprivation.
Social Clustering
Groups of people with similar background frequently living together.
Social disparity
This refers to the range of opportunities e.g. education and health available to the population.
Social Exclusion
The inability of a group of people to become involved in the cultural activities of a place.
Social segregation
When different groups are separated from each other (or the larger population). Groups may be based on wealth, ethnicity, religion or age.
Social sustainability
This is about maintaining economic growth without causing long-term negative effects e.g., environmental damage, social inequality.
Soft Regeneration
Investing in the skills and education of the population to improve their own quality of life.
Spiral of Decline
Stages of rural decline that contribute to a positive feedback loop, with more and more outward migration and increasingly declining services.
Stakeholder
An individual with interest and influence within their community (residents, local businesses, farmers, NGOs).
Suburbanisation
This is the movement of people from living in the inner parts of a city to living on the outer edges. It has been facilitated by the development of transport networks and increase in car ownership. It results in a spread of the urban area.
Suburbanised village
This is a village, in commuting distance, which receives newcomers as a result of counter-urbanisation. It shares some of the characteristics of the suburbs.
Sustainability (sustainable urban development)
This is urban development which meets the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It must consider 4 different dimensions of sustainability: natural, physical, social and economic.
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)
This is a relatively new approach to managing rainfall by using natural processes in the landscape to reduce flooding, control flooding and provide amenity for the community.
Swale
Shallow, broad and vegetated channels designed to store and/or convey runoff and remove pollutants.
Temperature inversion
An atmospheric condition in which temperature, unusually, increases with height.
As inversions are extremely stable conditions and do not allow convection, they trap pollution in the lower layer of the atmosphere.
Top down
When the decision to undertake projects or developments is made by a central authority such as government with little or no consultation with the local people whom it will affect.
Town centre mixed developments
This is the redevelopment of Central Business Districts to blend residential, commercial, cultural industrial and institutional land uses. They promote 24 – 7 land use.
Urban climate
A set of climatic conditions that prevail in a large metropolitan area, which differ from the climate of the rural surroundings.
Urban Dome
This is the area within which the weather is different from that of surrounding rural areas.
The urban microclimate is sometimes called an Urban Dome.
There are 2 levels in the dome: the Urban Canopy & the Urban Boundary layer.
Urban Form
This refers to the physical characteristics of built up areas including shape, size density, and make up of settlements.
Urban growth
An increase in the number of urban dwellers.
Classifications of urban dwellers depend on the census definitions of urban areas, which vary from country to country. They usually include one or more of the following criteria: population size, population density, average distance between buildings within a settlement and legal and/or administrative boundaries.
Urban heat island (UHI)
The zone around and above an urban area, which has higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas.
Urban policy
Strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems.
Urban resurgence
This is the economic and structural regeneration of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline. This can be initiated by redevelopment schemes
Urban social exclusion
Economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation.
Urban sprawl
The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside. This happens if there are no planning controls.
Urbanisation
An increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns and cities. 2 main causes:
1. natural population growth
2. rural to urban migration
Waste stream
The complete flow of waste from its source through to recovery, recycling or disposal.
Water pollution
The contamination of water bodies or sources including rivers, lakes, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. It occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
Water-borne infections / diseases
Infections / diseases caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of food thus infected.
World city
An urban area that has influence over the whole world. They act as global centres for finance, trade, business, politics and culture. Financial and political influence are considered most significant in world city status.
“Dead-heart” syndrome
This is the result of loss of manufacturing and retailing from the “Downtown” areas of cities which leave a “dead heart”.
