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CTO Quiz 3 > CTO Nerve tissue > Flashcards

CTO Nerve tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nissl substance

A

coarse clumps of ER in cytoplasm of neurons

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2
Q

neuron morphology (3)

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

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3
Q

axonal cytoplasm components

A

lack of nissl substance, elaborate cytoskeletal array (neurofilaments, microtubules, actin) for structural support and delivery of materials

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4
Q

Motor proteins role in neurons

A

kinesins for anterograde transport in axon, dyneins for retrograde transport in axon

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5
Q

Action potential

A

rapid reversal of polarization of nerve cell membrane through opening of voltage gated Na-channels

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6
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

time after potential during which piece of membrane cannot be depolarized again

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7
Q

neuromodulator

A

transmitter that binds to ligand-gated ion channel and effects ease of opening or works through second messsenger systems

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8
Q

2 types of neurotransmitter effect on receptors in post-synaptic membranes

A
  1. receptor acts as an ion channel OR 2. receptor acts as part of a transmembrane protein w/ enzyme effects on postsynaptic neuron (i.e. metabotrophic receptor)
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9
Q

metabotrophic receptors

A

receptor that acts as a part of a transmembrane protein w/ enzyme effects on postsynaptic neuron, works through second messenger systems; can have prolonged effects

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10
Q

Pathways for metabolite recycling by presynaptic element

A
  1. enzymatic breakdown, 2. diffusion, 3. reuptake into presynaptic nerve terminal
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11
Q

3 types of peripheral nerves

A
  1. motor 2. sensory 3. autonomic
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12
Q

myelin sheath

A

wrap of cell membrane surrounding nerve fibers to increase speed of conduction and provide insulation

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13
Q

function of myelin

A

increase spead of conduction, result from action of specialized cells

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14
Q

schwann cells

A

in PNS, myelin results from schwann cells

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15
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

in CNS, myelin results from oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

schwann cell membrane - important characteristic

A

membranes contain glycoproteins that recognize other glycoproteins on surface of axons

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17
Q

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

A

places in myelin sheath where protoplasm is not fully extruded to periphery during schwann cell myelination

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18
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

gaps b/t adjacent schwann cells where voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated; action potential regenerated here; pinched appearance

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19
Q

saltatory conduction

A

“jumping conduction”, action potential passes from node of Ranvier –> next node of Ranvier

20
Q

What determines the speed of conduction of the axon?

A

distance b/t nodes of ranvier: long distance –> greater spead

21
Q

Epinerium

A

surrounds entire peripheral nerve

22
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds bundles of fascicles of nerve fibers

23
Q

ganglia

A

collection of nerve cell bodies outside of central nervous system

24
Q

Two types of ganglia

A
  1. autonomic ganglia 2. sensory ganglia
25
Q

sensory ganglia

A

cellbodies of peudounipolar cells

26
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

part of sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

27
Q

satellite cells

A

cells surrounding ganglia; involved in maintaining proper environment around ganglion cells

28
Q

free nerve ending

A

simplest type of peripheral sensory nerve ending; mostly pain or temperature sensors

29
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

connective tissue in subcutaneous connective tissue appearing in dermis beneath the skin

30
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

layers of connective tissue circumferentially arranged around a nerve ending

31
Q

Glial types in CNS

A

macroglia, microglia

32
Q

microglia

A

derived from mesoderm/same cell line as macrophages, phagocytic, but migrate to nervous system early in life and remain there, proliferate in certain pathological states

33
Q

astrocytes

A

maintain interstitial environment (ions within nervous system, metabolize neurotransmitters, manufacture growth factors for supprot of neurons); contact brain surface under pia mater, contact blood vessels within brain via foot processes –> induce formation of endothelium BBB

34
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

responsible for CNS myelination; have multiple processes -> can myelinate multiple axons

35
Q

macroglia origin

A

neural epithelium –> glioblasts–> macroglia (3 types)

36
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

endothelia cells on BBB have tight intercellular junctions and few pinocytotic vesicles; capillaries are highly selective to permability

37
Q

blood-CSF barrier

A

capillaries of choroid plexus are fenestrated and highly permeable; choroid epithelium has tight junctions and provides barrier b/t blood and CSF

38
Q

meninges

A

outside –> inside: dura mater –> arachnoid –> pia mater

39
Q

Formation of CSF

A

made my choroid plexus, stays in subarachnoid space

40
Q

Difference b/t schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

A

schwann cells become myelination in PNS; oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons; proteins oligodendrocyte membrane are different than on schwann cells, so can be differently affected by disease

41
Q

choroid plexus

A

makes CSF; modified ependymal cells that form the blood-CSF barrier; form tight junctions that do not allow substances from capillaries to pass into CSF in certain areas of the ventricle w/ blood vessels

42
Q

types of macroglia

A
  1. astrocyes 2. oligodendrocytes 3. ependymal
43
Q

Formation of BBB

A

Astrocytic foot processes contact capillaries in brain –> induce epithelium to change to produce BBB (endothelial cells develop tight intercellular barriers)

44
Q

neurulation

A

notochord induces formation of neural tube, which makes CNS (incl. motor nerve fibers and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers) , neural crest cells make PNS (incl. Schwann cells, sensory nerves, postganglionic autonomic nerves)

45
Q

axonal transport speed

A

slow & fast: based on bidning strenght of particular substance to kinesins or dyneins (stronger binding –> fall off less/quicker movement)

46
Q

two factors contributing to speed of an axon

A

diameter of axon and thickness of myelin sheath

47
Q

endoneurium

A

encases individual axons/nerve fibers

CTO Quiz 3 (1 decks)

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