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CTO Quiz 2 > CTO Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

CTO Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Components of cartilage

A

Cells Ground substance Fibers (collagen, elastic)

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2
Q

Types of cells in cartilage

A

Chondroblasts, chondrocytes

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3
Q

What makes up ground substance in cartilage?

A

GAGs, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, proteoglycans/glycoproteins (chodnronectin)

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4
Q

What fibers are in cartilage?

A

collagen, elastin

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5
Q

Functions of cartilage

A

(1) structural support for soft tissue (2) shock absorption in joints (3) reduce friction between joint surfaces (4) role in growth and development of long bones

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6
Q

Types of cartilage

A

(1) hyaline (2) elastic (3) fibrocartilage

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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common, fibers are type II collagen, forms temporary skeleton in embryo, epiphyseal plates(growth plates)

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8
Q

Location of hyaline cartilage

A

articular surfaces of moveable joints, ends of ribs, respiratory passages

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9
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Type II collagen + elastic fibers, provides flexible support, yellow due to elastin

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10
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

auricle of the ear, eustachian/auditory tube, epiglottis

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11
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Fibers are primarily type I, provides flexible strength, assoc. w/ dense connective tissue, resists compression and shearing

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12
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

Intervertebral and articular discs, knee menisci, pubic symphysis

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13
Q

Formation of cartilage

A

chondroblasts derived from mesenchymal cells

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14
Q

isogenous nest

A

when chondrocytes undergo mitosis, daughter cells in the same lacunae

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15
Q

perichondrium

A

layer of dense connective tissue at free edge of cartilage Not present in articular or fibrocartilage

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16
Q

Function of perichondrium

A

source of nutrition for cartilage (blood vessels), inner layer contains chondrogenic cells

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17
Q

Two types of cartilage growth

A

appositional, interstitial

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18
Q

Appositional

A

Type of cartilage growth: new cartilage at edge -> increased thickness of cartilage

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19
Q

Interstitial

A

Type of cartilage growth: chondrocytes replicate inside cartilage, secrete new matrix -> expand cartilage from within

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20
Q

What type of cartilage can’t grow by appositional growth?

A

Articular - b/c not covered with perichondrium –> can’t repair itself very well

Also fibrocartilage (also doe snot have perichondrium)

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21
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Breakdown/loss of cartilage of articular surfaces of joints –> bone rubs against bone

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22
Q

Bone spurs

A

May develop in OA b/c irritated bone tries to repair itself

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23
Q

Risk factors for OA

A

>45 years, obesity, female, previous joint injury, hereditary conditions like defective cartilage

24
Q

Components of bone

A

Cells, ground substance, fibers

25
Q

What types of cells are in bone?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

26
Q

What makes up ground substance in bones?

A

proteoglycans, glycoproteins

27
Q

What fibers make up bones?

A

type I collagen

28
Q

Cause of bone stiffness

A

calcified extracellular matrix

29
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells

30
Q

Functions of bone

A

(1) supportive framework (2) attachment for muscles (3) protects vital organs (4) bone marrow for hematopoiesis (5) reservoir for calcium and phosphate

31
Q

Bone shapes

A

Long, flat, short, irregular

32
Q

Long bone parts

33
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long bone shaft

34
Q

Epiphysis

A

explanded end with articular cartilage

35
Q

metaphysis

A

“flared” part of shaft

36
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

area where growth occurs in young bones

37
Q

epiphyseal line

A

remnant of epiphyseal plate in adult bones

38
Q

Periosteum

A

dense connective tissue covering bones

39
Q

Periosteum structure

A

fibrous outer layer, osteogenic layer (osteoblast) against bone

40
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

collagen fibers from connective tissue –> bone (anchors periorsteum to bone)

41
Q

Endosteum

A

thinner layer inside bone, contain cells that can become osteoblasts

42
Q

Cells in bone tissue

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

43
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells w/ capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts, active during bone growth/repair

44
Q

Osteoblasts

A

on surface of bone, produce/secrete componets of bone matrix, active vs. inactive, can become osteocytes when surrounded by matrix

45
Q

Osteocytes

A

surrounded by matrix, function is to maintain bone matrix

46
Q

Osteoclasts

A

large motile multinucleated cells, derived from blood monocytes, responsible for bone resorption

47
Q

Two regions of osteoclast

A

ruffled border, clear zone

48
Q

Ruffled borders

A

region of osteoclast: infoldings of plasma membrane, involve resorption of bone

49
Q

Clear zone

A

surrounds periphery of ruffled border, where osteoclast adheres to matrix

50
Q

Gross organization of bone tissue

A

Compact (resists bending), spongy (resists compression)

51
Q

Microscopic organization of bone tissue

A

immature (disorganized), mature (organized)

52
Q

Osteon

A

AKA Haversian system (Circular lamellae), lacunae containing osteocytes b/t layers, canaculi connects adjacent layers

53
Q

Circumferential laminae

A

Parts of mature bones in which lamellae are paralell to bone surfaces and surround bone in a circumferential manner; inner and outer layer

54
Q

Interstital laminae

A

Fill space b/t osteons. Remnants of prior osteons partially removed by osteoclasts

55
Q

Haversian canal

A

In center of osteon, contain vessels and nerves. Blood vessels in Haversian canall allow osteocytes to get nutrion

56
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A

Transverse running canals connecting adjacent Haversian systems; connect periosteum and marrow cavity

57
Q

Functions of cartilage

A

Support (ear, nose) Shock absorption Reduce friction Growth/dev’t of long bones

CTO Quiz 2 (2 decks)

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